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Describes energy and environmental policy in China during the period 1980-1993. China has implemented ambitious plans for electrification and the substitution of fossil fuels (mostly coal) for biomass. The environmental consequences of these changes, at the local and regional levels, have been pronounced; the long-term global consequences of Chinese energy development are also thought to be significant. Chinese environmental policy has been aimed largely at mitigating the worst local and regional impacts. Raises several questions: the degree to which energy shortages or environmental problems will constrain China's future growth; the degree to which environmental quality is an important objective of Chinese policy; and the possible roles that Western governments and firms might play in developing and implementing sound energy strategies for China. Teaching Objective: To analyze the effects of governmental energy policies on local air pollution and on global atmospheric problems, to think about problems of environment and development, and to analyze the relationships between host governments and foreign firms in the energy sector.

Ocean Spray Cranberries, one of the nation's most successful agricultural cooperatives, faces some difficult environmental management problems associated with water usage and wetlands development. Because of federal and state wetlands laws, new bogs for expansion had become virtually impossible to develop. Moreover, to protect its valuable brand, Ocean Spray needs to make reasonably certain that its 800 grower-owners utilize the best possible environmental practices in water management and the use of agricultural chemicals. A single incident could cause the company significant harm. The case describes some of the innovative programs undertaken to facilitate best practices among the loose knit community of growers.

In 1990, Xerox undertook an "Environmental Leadership Program" designed to make Xerox an industry leader in non-polluting operations, recycling, and products actually designed for the environment. This effort flowed naturally out of the system of total quality management developed at Xerox in the 1980s. Under the new program, Xerox planned to design its products for complete reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. This effort entailed a complete redesign of the company's product-delivery system, from initial designs, to materials acquisition, to manufacturing, marketing, and after-sales service.