個案總覽

Willamette Industries, a large wood products and pulp and paper manufacturer, has traditionally not used any short-term pay at risk as part of its compensation approach. That means there are no sales commissions, gainsharing, or short-term bonus payments to anyone anywhere in the firm. David Morthland, the vice president of personnel and industrial relations, has been asked to reexamine these practices in the context of trends in industry at large toward the greater use of contingent compensation. The case outlines the rationale for Willamette's current pay practices in light of its particular culture, business strategy, and other management practices. Can be used by itself or with other cases illustrating different pay practices to stimulate a discussion of the pros and cons of various approaches to pay.

In this article, Jeffrey Pfeffer (Thomas D. Dee Professor of Organizational Behavior at Stanford Business School) identifies widely accepted "fictions" about pay, disproves them with evidence, and then offers advice on how managers should pay their employees, and why. Every day, executives make decisions about pay, and they do so in a landscape that's shifting. As more and more companies base less of their compensation on straight salary and look to other financial options, managers are bombarded with advice about the best approaches to take. Unfortunately, much of that advice is wrong. Indeed, much of the conventional wisdom and public discussion about pay today is misleading, incorrect, or both. The result is that business people are adopting wrongheaded notions about how to pay people and why. In particular, they are subscribing to six dangerous myths about pay: 1) Labor rates are the same as labor costs; 2) Cutting labor rates will lower labor costs; 3) Labor costs represent a large portion of a company's total costs; 4) Keeping labor costs low creates a potent and sustainable competitive edge; 5) Individual incentive pay improves performance; and 6: People work primarily for the money. The author explains why these myths are so pervasive, shows where they go wrong, and suggests how leaders might think more productively about compensation. With increasing frequency, the author says, he sees managers harming their organizations by buying into--and acting on--these myths. Those that do, he warns, are probably doomed to endless tinkering with pay that at the end of the day will accomplish little but cost a lot.

The SAS Institute is a large, growing software company headquartered in the Research Triangle in North Carolina. Founded more than 25 years ago, it has evolved a unique approach, given its industry, to developing and retaining talent including using no stock options or phantom stock and not paying its salespeople on commission. The CEO and Vice President of Human Resources must decide how well their current management practices will continue to serve them as the company gains greater visibility and faces an increasingly competitive labor market.

Fresh Choice, a restaurant in the throes of recovering from substantial financial difficulties, had borrowed ideas on things ranging from restaurant design to recipes from a competitor. That competitor had itself been started as an imitator of the Fresh Choice salad-buffet concept, indicating that there was transfer of practices and knowledge when the firms were competitors. But once Fresh Choice acquired the other firm, in an effort to acquire its intellectual capital as well as some excellent locations, the transfer of knowledge inside the firm occurred with more difficulty. The questions facing Fresh Choice senior management at this point are as follows: What can they learn from the events that have transpired after the acquisition? What might have they done differently? Why did the problems arise? And, most importantly, what might they do differently in the future to realize more of the benefits of acquisitions and mergers?

George Zimmer, CEO of the Men's Wearhouse, is considering what has made the firm so successful; what, if anything, it should do differently to continue to succeed; and how to manage its growth and culture as the firm expands in the very competitive men's tailored clothing market. Retailing is the largest industry in the United States. Most retailing firms have traditionally been staffed with poorly paid, poorly trained, part-time help, and often experience tremendous turnover. Founded in 1973 in Houston, the Men's Wearhouse now has over 300 stores and is adding stores at the rate of 50 per year as it extends its geographic reach. This case provides information on the founder's beliefs, the firm's financial performance, the company's management practices, and detailed information on its various training activities.

AES develops and operates electric power plants all over the world, and by late 1996, has approximately 20,000 employees. But, the corporation has no human resources staff, either at corporate headquarters in Arlington, VA, or in any of its operating facilities. Moreover, the company has very little centralized staff at all--little or no strategic planning, no environmental department, and almost no legal staff. The question is: Could and should the company continue to operate in this same way, with little specialized staff, as it continues to expand and geographically diversify? Another question is: How had the organization been able to be so successful without developing and relying on specialized expertise?

In 1994, both United Airlines and Continental Airlines launched low-cost airlines-within-an-airline to compete with Southwest Airlines. From 1991 to 1993, Southwest had increased its market share of the critical West Coast market from 26% to 45%. Considers how Southwest had developed a sustainable competitive advantage and emphasizes the role of human resources as a lever for the successful implementation of strategy. Asks whether competitors can successfully imitate the Southwest approach.