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As part of its R&D efforts, Porsche taps the resources and expertise of nearly 600 graduate students--saving innovation costs in the process.

A strategic planning system is a structured process that organizes and coordinates the activities of managers who plan. A strategic planning system develops an integrated, coordinated, and consistent long-term plan of action, and facilitates adaptation of the corporation to environmental change. The following six issues influence development of a strategic planning system: communication of corporate performance goals, the goal-setting process, environmental scanning, subordinate managers' forces, the corporate planner's role, and the linkage of planning and budgeting.

A complex formal planning process adopted by a multibillion-dollar, diversified corporation headquartered in Europe involved a three-cycle system. The first cycle involved corporate executives and division managers and served two purposes: 1) to develop a tentative set of agreements between corporate and division managers about overall strategy and goals, and 2) to provide for more detailed planning in the next cycle. The second cycle, involving functional managers, served a dual purpose: it allowed tentative agreements to be reached on action programs to be implemented over the next few years, and it expanded the strategic focus of the business. The third cycle dealt with resource allocation decisions and budgeting at the functional level.