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Spanx Inc., founded in 2000, was a U.S. intimate apparel company that sold body shaping undergarments known as shapewear. Through word-of-mouth marketing by celebrities and consumers, Spanx achieved 2016 sales of US$400 million globally. However, Spanx's leadership position was being threatened by a shift in consumer preferences, medical concerns over the dangers of compression wear, and competitors launching more comfortable products in the active wear category. Would Spanx be able to sustain its growth or was it beginning its decline?

Fastenal was one of the largest U.S. industrial supply companies, with the highest operating margin among its competitors. It was known and awarded for its innovative industrial vending solutions. With the launch of Amazon Business in the industrial distribution space in 2012, Fastenal’s performance began to decline. In 2017, Amazon Business obtained patents for a drone-based delivery system. This, combined with Amazon’s power of low cost, raised critical challenges for leading players like Fastenal. How should Fastenal respond to this competition: should it focus on low price or pursue a differentiation strategy?

Fastenal was one of the largest U.S. industrial supply companies, with the highest operating margin among its competitors. It was known and awarded for its innovative industrial vending solutions. With the launch of Amazon Business in the industrial distribution space in 2012, Fastenal's performance began to decline. In 2017, Amazon Business obtained patents for a drone-based delivery system. This, combined with Amazon's power of low cost, raised critical challenges for leading players like Fastenal. How should Fastenal respond to this competition: should it focus on low price or pursue a differentiation strategy?

Founded in 2003 by a fourth-generation Australian farmer, John Foss, The Chia Co recognized the demand for healthy food among different segments of consumers and aimed to provide health and wellness to the global community through the production and distribution of chia seeds. Through his creative entrepreneurial skills, Foss encouraged a new Australian agricultural industry, which had unique supply chain practices and an emphasis on sustainability and fair value for farmers. Nevertheless, by 2016, the company was facing several challenges. Some critical issues included demand that overshot supply, threats from other healthy superfoods such as flax seeds and quinoa, and lack of scientific evidence of the health benefits of chia seeds. In this context, Foss needed to determine how to make The Chia Co a world-class market leader in chia seeds and how to overcome supply and demand challenges. If superfoods really were just a fad, he also had to consider what lay in the future for The Chia Co and its products.

Founded in 2003 by a fourth-generation Australian farmer, John Foss, The Chia Co recognized the demand for healthy food among different segments of consumers and aimed to provide health and wellness to the global community through the production and distribution of chia seeds. Through his creative entrepreneurial skills, Foss encouraged a new Australian agricultural industry, which had unique supply chain practices and an emphasis on sustainability and fair value for farmers. Nevertheless, by 2016, the company was facing several challenges. Some critical issues included demand that overshot supply, threats from other healthy superfoods such as flax seeds and quinoa, and lack of scientific evidence of the health benefits of chia seeds. In this context, Foss needed to determine how to make The Chia Co a world-class market leader in chia seeds and how to overcome supply and demand challenges. If superfoods really were just a fad, he also had to consider what lay in the future for The Chia Co and its products.

Founded in May 2008 in India, Indus OS (previously known as Firstouch) understood the latent language needs of 90 per cent of Indian consumers, a need that prevented users from switching from their basic-feature phones to smartphones. Through incremental innovation of the open Android system, Indus OS launched the world’s first smartphone operating system that had the ability to function in 12 of India’s regional languages. Through strategic partnerships formed in 2015 with some of the leading smartphone manufacturers in India, by May 2016 Indus OS had become the second most popular operating system in the Indian market, following Google’s Android and leading Apple’s iOS. Moreover, Indus OS had firm strategic growth plans, not only for India but also for international markets like China and Bangladesh. The remaining critical issue was whether Indus OS could sustain its advantage over rivals or whether it was likely to be acquired by a large multinational corporation, a fate common to other successful start-ups in India.

Founded in May 2008 in India, Indus OS (previously known as Firstouch) understood the latent language needs of 90 per cent of Indian consumers, a need that prevented users from switching from their basic-feature phones to smartphones. Through incremental innovation of the open Android system, Indus OS launched the world's first smartphone operating system that had the ability to function in 12 of India's regional languages. Through strategic partnerships formed in 2015 with some of the leading smartphone manufacturers in India, by May 2016 Indus OS had become the second most popular operating system in the Indian market, following Google's Android and leading Apple's iOS. Moreover, Indus OS had firm strategic growth plans, not only for India but also for international markets like China and Bangladesh. The remaining critical issue was whether Indus OS could sustain its advantage over rivals or whether it was likely to be acquired by a large multinational corporation, a fate common to other successful start-ups in India.

Founded in 1997, Allegiant Airlines (Allegiant) was one of the most profitable ultra-low-cost airlines in the United States. Allegiant maintained high profit margins by targeting the uncaptured market segment for leisure travel and using a unique way of managing cost and revenue drivers. Allegiant avoided direct competition with traditional airlines and captured the new market of price-sensitive leisure travelers. After employing extreme cost-reduction and revenue-enhancement strategies, Allegiant achieved one of the highest profit margins in the industry. In 2015, despite inexpensive airfares, Allegiant received low scores on customer satisfaction. The airline also faced labour and safety issues by the end of 2015, but it took several steps to resolve the issues in 2016. With increasing competition, rising costs, and low customer satisfaction, maintaining long-term profitability remained a challenge for Allegiant. How could the airline sustain its position in the market?

Founded in 1997, Allegiant Airlines (Allegiant) was one of the most profitable ultra-low-cost airlines in the United States. Allegiant maintained high profit margins by targeting the uncaptured market segment for leisure travel and using a unique way of managing cost and revenue drivers. Allegiant avoided direct competition with traditional airlines and captured the new market of price-sensitive leisure travelers. After employing extreme cost-reduction and revenue-enhancement strategies, Allegiant achieved one of the highest profit margins in the industry. In 2015, despite inexpensive airfares, Allegiant received low scores on customer satisfaction. The airline also faced labour and safety issues by the end of 2015, but it took several steps to resolve the issues in 2016. With increasing competition, rising costs, and low customer satisfaction, maintaining long-term profitability remained a challenge for Allegiant. How could the airline sustain its position in the market?

In 2012, the founder of Patanjali Ayurved Limited (PAL) and his associate were leveraging a unique business model by venturing into the fast-moving consumer goods sector in India. By March 2016, PAL had become the fourth-largest company in this highly competitive industry and was planning to become the market leader by 2020. Through its low-priced herbal and Ayurvedic products, PAL occupied a unique white space in the already existing strategic groups of domestic and multinational competitors. Industry experts were undecided about whether PAL posed a serious threat to multinational and domestic firms or if PAL should be praised for creating a new market for its products in India. If PAL was posing a real threat, then other fast-moving consumer goods firms had to develop strategies to maintain their own position, and PAL needed a plan to face the challenges involved in its future growth.

In 2012, the founder of Patanjali Ayurved Limited (PAL) and his associate were leveraging a unique business model by venturing into the fast-moving consumer goods sector in India. By March 2016, PAL had become the fourth-largest company in this highly competitive industry and was planning to become the market leader by 2020. Through its low-priced herbal and Ayurvedic products, PAL occupied a unique white space in the already existing strategic groups of domestic and multinational competitors. Industry experts were undecided about whether PAL posed a serious threat to multinational and domestic firms or if PAL should be praised for creating a new market for its products in India. If PAL was posing a real threat, then other fast-moving consumer goods firms had to develop strategies to maintain their own position, and PAL needed a plan to face the challenges involved in its future growth.

Founded in 2005, Greek yogourt maker Chobani used value innovation to become the number one yogourt brand in the United States by 2011. However, due to some internal problems such as a lack of seasoned professionals and financial resources, and external factors such as competition and decline in demand, Chobani lost its market share to competitors starting in early 2013. With help from a private venture firm, Chobani took several steps to turn things around by 2016. Will Chobani be able to regain its leadership position going forward? If so, how will it fuel its growth?

Founded in 2005, Greek yogourt maker Chobani used value innovation to become the number one yogourt brand in the United States by 2011. However, due to some internal problems such as a lack of seasoned professionals and financial resources, and external factors such as competition and decline in demand, Chobani lost its market share to competitors starting in early 2013. With help from a private venture firm, Chobani took several steps to turn things around by 2016. Will Chobani be able to regain its leadership position going forward? If so, how will it fuel its growth?

Bajaj Auto Limited (BAL), the world's largest manufacturer of three-wheel vehicles, was about to launch India's first quadricycle, built indigenously for applications that were uniquely useful for urban transportation in developing markets such as India. The four-wheel vehicle was being launched as a completely new category in the Indian market by BAL's Commercial Vehicle division. The dilemma facing the BAL team was whether to brand the new product as an extension of the company's three-wheel market leader or as an independent brand. Furthermore, what degree of endorsement would be required from the master brand, "Bajaj"? The potential success of this vehicle would have a profound effect on BAL's ability to develop its brand image and carve out a leadership position in a new category of commercial vehicles in India.

In 2009, the Tata Nano entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the lowest priced car in the world. It was predicted that with the Nano, the Indian car market would expand by 65 per cent. But despite the car’s initial popularity, the final demand for it was low. By 2012, the Nano plant was operating at only 25 per cent of its capacity, and by 2014, Nano production was limited to only three days per week. After introducing the Nano Twist and trying to reposition the Nano as more than a “cheap car,” Tata Motors was considering permanently ceasing production of the Nano and using the plant to manufacture other sedans. What had gone wrong with the Nano and what was in store for its future?

In 2009, the Tata Nano entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the lowest priced car in the world. It was predicted that with the Nano, the Indian car market would expand by 65 per cent. But despite the car's initial popularity, the final demand for it was low. By 2012, the Nano plant was operating at only 25 per cent of its capacity, and by 2014, Nano production was limited to only three days per week. After introducing the Nano Twist and trying to reposition the Nano as more than a "cheap car," Tata Motors was considering permanently ceasing production of the Nano and using the plant to manufacture other sedans. What had gone wrong with the Nano and what was in store for its future?

In India, customers were used to the idea of buying groceries in stores. BigBasket.com, India’s first online grocery retailer, was set to break this mindset. Customers were signing up at an aggressive rate based on word-of-mouth. With a commitment to provide a top-quality product assortment at competitive prices, BigBasket successfully provided last-mile delivery to customers across Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai. While traditional brick and mortar grocery retailers were struggling, BigBasket became the first online grocery retailer to report a breakeven in March 2014 in one of the cities where it operated.<br><br>Brick and mortar grocery retailers had started focusing on a hybrid model and analysts believed that hybrid models had more profit potential than pure online grocery retailers. Despite this, BigBasket had arranged funding from venture capitalists, receiving the highest-ever amount of Series A funding among the online retail industry in India. BigBasket leveraged innovative, customer-centric policies that not only boosted customer confidence but also enhanced overall profit margins. Could it permanently change the shopping habits of consumers? Was the breakeven a short-term phenomenon for BigBasket or would it achieve similar performance in other cities? Would online grocery retailing be profitable in the long run?

In India, customers were used to the idea of buying groceries in stores. BigBasket.com, India's first online grocery retailer, was set to break this mindset. Customers were signing up at an aggressive rate based on word-of-mouth. With a commitment to provide a top-quality product assortment at competitive prices, BigBasket successfully provided last-mile delivery to customers across Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai. While traditional brick and mortar grocery retailers were struggling, BigBasket became the first online grocery retailer to report a breakeven in March 2014 in one of the cities where it operated.<br><br>Brick and mortar grocery retailers had started focusing on a hybrid model and analysts believed that hybrid models had more profit potential than pure online grocery retailers. Despite this, BigBasket had arranged funding from venture capitalists, receiving the highest-ever amount of Series A funding among the online retail industry in India. BigBasket leveraged innovative, customer-centric policies that not only boosted customer confidence but also enhanced overall profit margins. Could it permanently change the shopping habits of consumers? Was the breakeven a short-term phenomenon for BigBasket or would it achieve similar performance in other cities? Would online grocery retailing be profitable in the long run?

Flipkart faced many challenges since its inception due to the hypercompetitive nature of its industry. The company preferred the route of profitless growth in the emerging e-retail industry in India — sacrificing profits for size and growth. Venture capitalists also supported this strategy by providing five rounds of funding. Nevertheless, Flipkart encountered intense competition from local players, who were quickly imitating its competitive and growth strategies. It responded to competition and enhanced its efficiency by rationalizing its product mix, opting for acquisitions and refurbishing its supply chain. Soon, however, Amazon announced its entry into the Indian e-retailing market. Amazon’s entry posed a major threat to Flipkart, mainly because of its financial strength. Flipkart responded by using a three-pronged strategy of technology, human resource management and supply chain investment. However, venture capitalists were still left wondering whether Flipkart would be able to report a profit or would be acquired by Amazon.

Flipkart faced many challenges since its inception due to the hypercompetitive nature of its industry. The company preferred the route of profitless growth in the emerging e-retail industry in India - sacrificing profits for size and growth. Venture capitalists also supported this strategy by providing five rounds of funding. Nevertheless, Flipkart encountered intense competition from local players, who were quickly imitating its competitive and growth strategies. It responded to competition and enhanced its efficiency by rationalizing its product mix, opting for acquisitions and refurbishing its supply chain. Soon, however, Amazon announced its entry into the Indian e-retailing market. Amazon's entry posed a major threat to Flipkart, mainly because of its financial strength. Flipkart responded by using a three-pronged strategy of technology, human resource management and supply chain investment. However, venture capitalists were still left wondering whether Flipkart would be able to report a profit or would be acquired by Amazon.