個案總覽

The economics of serving on the board of a publicly held corporation are fundamentally off balance. The risk to a director's time, money, and reputation is far greater than the rewards. No matter how conscientious directors are, shareholders can easily file frivolous lawsuits against them. Resolving a lawsuit saps a director's time and money; settling one appears to be an admission of guilt and is a black mark on his or her reputation. The boards of public companies should be more like those in LBOs or venture capital situations, where directors have a big financial stake in the company and thus the incentive to make it successful.

Explores some of the issues involved in valuing cash flow streams. A simple model is presented that reveals the effect on value of changing assumptions about the appropriate discount rate, the level of profitability, the growth rate of sales, the asset intensity ratio, and the leverage ratio. Helps students address some of the following issues: 1) What is the definition of cash flow? 2) What effects do changes in the discount rate have on valuation? 3) How sensitive is value to changes in assumptions about the underlying characteristics of the cash flow stream? 4) How does growth affect value? 5) How does the use of leverage affect value? 6) What are price-to-earnings ratios? and 7) What factors affect price-to-earnings ratios?

Describes the issues involved in designing and evaluating financial contracts between users and suppliers of capital and between companies and employees. A simple conceptual framework is introduced and some critical issues addressed: 1) How is cash allocated? 2) How is risk allocated? and 3) What are the incentives for all parties in the deal? The emphasis in the note is on providing the reader with a set of questions that must be addressed when designing and evaluating any deals. Created for use in Entrepreneurial Finance. Can be used to provide general background reading or as an assignment for a day devoted to the discussion of deals.

Focuses attention on a phenomenon we call capital market myopia, a situation in which participants in the capital markets ignore the logical implications of their individual investment decisions. Viewed in isolation, each decision seems to make sense. When taken together, however, they are a prescription for disaster. Capital market myopia leads to over-funding of industries and unsustainable levels of valuation in the stock market. Uses the Winchester Disk industry to elucidate the phenomenon. Argues that capital market participants should have seen the problem coming. They should have known that valuation levels were absurd, based in large part on the greater fool theory. The data necessary to anticipate the problem were readily available before the industry shakeout began and stock prices collapsed. Offers some simple lessons to help investors and entrepreneurs avoid charter membership in the greater fool club.

Describes a method for valuing high-risk, long-term investments such as those confronting venture capitalists. The method entails forecasting a future value (e.g., five years from the present) and discounting that terminal value back to the present by applying a high discount rate (e.g., 50%). Provides an explanation of this method, including a detailed discussion of the determinants of the key factors ranging from the discount rate to the terminal value. The pedagogic objective is to make students aware of the issues involved in valuing such "futures" investments. A model is provided that further elucidates the determinants of value.

Spreadsheet supplement for case 288006.

Designed to introduce students in Entrepreneurial Finance to the subject matter and modus operandi of the course. Also included is an annotated bibliography.

Contains a description of the events surrounding the financing of Centex Telemanagement, Inc. by Sierra Ventures, a venture capital fund. The case is written from the perspective of the venture capitalists and is designed to teach students about the process of venture capital funding.

Contains a description of a situation confronting the co-founder of a company planning to produce software for microcomputers. The company has just completed raising money from some wealthy investors by forming an R&D Limited Partnership. Development of the program (an integrated business productivity tool) can now begin. The focus is on the structure of the deal and the process of venture formation. Among the issues to be discussed are: Should the company have raised money from these investors under these terms? What can go wrong? What can go right?

Contains a description of a decision confronting an employee of IBM in late 1981. Should he leave IBM to become head of a new venture capital fund which will specialize in technology investments? The case is designed to expose students to the nature of the opportunity confronting venture capitalists. The students will have to assess the fit between Peter Wendell, the particular opportunity, and the terms being offered.

Contains a description of some issues confronting management of CML Group. They have decided to go public, have selected an underwriting team, and must make final decisions about the size, composition and pricing of the issue. Because stock prices have fallen since the decision to go public was made, the company is faced with the prospect of lowering the number of shares to be sold, lowering the offering price, or withdrawing the issue altogether. Can be handed out at the end of class discussion of CML Group, Inc.: Going Public (B).

Contains a description of some issues confronting management of CML Group as the company progresses toward making an initial public offering. Among the issues and topics addressed in the case are: considerations in choosing an underwriting team, the initial public offering market; IPOs as a mechanism for private investors to harvest their investment; and short-term management reactions to changing conditions in the stock market.

Contains a description of a decision confronting two entrepreneurs in mid-1981. They are considering purchasing a small manufacturer of precision electromechanical parts. Among the issues in the case are the following: 1) Should Taylor and Grayson buy Precision Parts, Inc.? 2) Should Shawmut Bank provide the loan? 3) Should the venture capital firms invest? 4) What should Taylor and Grayson do? The case is designed to expose students to a different kind of opportunity. Also, students will have to ask and answer the questions: What can go wrong and what can go right? They must develop a plan for managing the risk-reward ratio in their favor.

Spreadsheet Supplement for case 285131.

Contains a description of a set of related decisions confronting the management and directors of Business Research Corp. (BRC) in April of 1984. BRC needs more capital to finance continued development of the market for a full-text database comprised of Wall Street research and to finance a new business opportunity entailing electronic delivery of Wall Street research to institutional investors. However, in order to attract new money, the capital structure of the company must be changed. The pedagogic objectives in the case include: exposing students to the consequences of certain early stage financing decisions; raising the issue of conflict of interest among various stakeholders; and exposing students to the necessity for convergent iteration and flexibility in business plans.

Contains a description of the history and venture capital financing of Lotus Development. Focuses on issues related to the possible terms of investment in Lotus by a major venture capital firm. The pedagogic objectives in the case are: to explore the elements of the people/opportunity/deal analytical framework; to expose students to issues in venture capital financing of high potential ventures; to explore the causes of success; and to explore the distinctions between creativity, innovation, implementation, and entrepreneurship.

Contains a history of the microcomputer software industry from the mid-1970s through early 1982. During that period growth was explosive. Many new companies were formed. However, the eventual structure of the industry was not yet clear. No truly dominant firms had appeared. The note is intended to provide background information on Lotus Development Corp. That case contains a description of the strategy and financing of a producer of software. The note could also be used as a basis for discussion of the evolution of industries per se.

Spreadsheet Supplement for case 285095.

Contains a description of a decision confronting an entrepreneur: which of two investment proposals should he accept to fund the creation and marketing of a database that comprises the full text of research reports produced by Wall Street investment banking firms? The teaching objectives are: to expose students to the people/opportunity/deal analytical framework; to focus on understanding the financial and other implications of deal terms; and to force the students to make a decision based on their analysis.