個案總覽

Georgie Yam arrived in Shanghai in the heat of summer in 2001. He was there on a mission: to develop the market and establish a distribution network for a German hair-care products manufacturer. Soon after he arrived in Shanghai, he discovered that this city, which had been described by an international guidebook as "a playground for foreign adventurers and socialites", fell short of hopes in meeting the demand for a modern indulgence: spa and massage services. Pondering a market that seemed chaotic but thriving, Yam wondered what would be his best bet to capture the opportunity.

For more than a decade, the government of China had sought to develop an automotive industry. The government's initial steps involved the creation of joint ventures in which government-owned firms became partners of foreign privately owned corporations. Most of these joint ventures were extremely successful financially. However, ongoing differences in management preferences created a continual tension within the joint ventures. Of particular concern was a desire of the government of China to ensure that its new automotive industry would adopt the latest advances in technologies. This subject of technology transfer, and how the government of China could best support it, became a central issue in China's automotive industry. From the perspective of the government of China, Geely's acquisition of Volvo would be a major step in achieving technology transfer on an ongoing basis. Geely's China operations would be able to quickly and easily adopt Volvo's cutting-edge safety features and production operations. From Geely's perspective, the Volvo acquisition would provide it with a new set of luxury vehicles for sale in China that would fill a gap in Geely's automotive lineup. Nevertheless, Geely faced the challenge that Ford had continually lost money in Volvo. How to reverse these losses would become a major challenge for Geely.

For more than a decade, the government of China had sought to develop an automotive industry. The government's initial steps involved the creation of joint ventures in which government-owned firms became partners of foreign privately owned corporations. Most of these joint ventures were extremely successful financially. However, ongoing differences in management preferences created a continual tension within the joint ventures. Of particular concern was a desire of the government of China to ensure that its new automotive industry would adopt the latest advances in technologies. This subject of technology transfer, and how the government of China could best support it, became a central issue in China's automotive industry. From the perspective of the government of China, Geely's acquisition of Volvo would be a major step in achieving technology transfer on an ongoing basis. Geely's China operations would be able to quickly and easily adopt Volvo's cutting-edge safety features and production operations. From Geely's perspective, the Volvo acquisition would provide it with a new set of luxury vehicles for sale in China that would fill a gap in Geely's automotive lineup. Nevertheless, Geely faced the challenge that Ford had continually lost money in Volvo. How to reverse these losses would become a major challenge for Geely.

Set in November 2007, the case is about a soon-to-launch social networking website (Yumcha) in Australia intended for the country's significant Asian population and diaspora. The case describes the process that Yumcha's founder went through in establishing the entity, including her initial motivations and business rationale. The case goes on to describe the dilemma facing the founder in choosing a web developer for the site, including whether to source the developer from new online bidding platforms. The challenges involved in this relatively new means of sourcing and bidding for technical talent are presented. The case also outlines the strategy questions facing the founder concerning expanding the social networking venture in an external environment that has seen the rapid development and expansion of numerous other social networking websites.

Dr. Curley is an obstetrician that deals with a very difficult birth of the new Santorini child. The Santorinis have been through a stillbirth, and upon getting pregnant again, extreme cautions are taken to ensure the safety and health of their new child. This case takes the reader through the difficult decisions that must be made by the doctor and family as "a perfect storm" of birthing complications ensues. The Santorini's son is born with down syndrome and heart problems that require difficult surgeries. To add on to the strain, the family is tied down by significant financial problems. The doctor must decide how to tell the family their options before they expose their newborn to highly risky surgeries, with the added financial difficulties.

Anand Piramal and his team sought to "democratize healthcare" in India through the development of a new service delivery model. If Henry Ford could build and deliver cars to everyone in the United States, Piramal thought, then why can't India deliver healthcare to the 70% of its citizens who lack access to it? They began pilots in 2008 but soon ran into unexpected difficulties. After a second round of pilots in early 2010, they had to decide whether to proceed and if so how.

As a key means for improving student performance, over the past three years, the central office of Baltimore City Public Schools has steadily shifted responsibility for resource management to schools. Since 2007, when Andres Alonso became CEO, principals have gone from controlling 3% of their budgets to controlling roughly 80%. This case discusses how pushing resource management to the schools fits into a broader strategy that links a principal's autonomy to improved academic results. It delves into the rationale for the change, challenges and benefits of this strategy, and the system of supports and structures that have been developed in response to the implementation challenges.

The Southeast Bank of Texas, like most other financial institutions in the US, has fallen on hard times during the financial crisis of the past year. Now, in March 2009, the bank is faced with several choices as a result of the new reforms spawned from the financial crisis: The FDIC's Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program and the US Treasury's Capital Purchase Program. Additionally, the implementation of BASEL II has left new regulations in place for capital requirements for banks. Irwin Greff, President and CEO of the Southeast Bank, faces several decisions on how to proceed with these new policies that will surely shape the future of the bank.

In March 2007, the vice-chairman and managing director of Eureka Forbes Ltd. is reflecting upon 25 years of market leadership in the water purifier business in India, but is troubled by the very low penetration compared to potential. In 25 years, the company has undergone significant evolution in all of its key strategic levers - technology, brands and channels. Can the company use its vast market learning and experience to achieve a breakthrough in penetrating the mass market for water purifiers in India? Other external pressures also apply. With climate concerns reaching a crescendo globally, water sustainability issues are in the spotlight, especially in large and rapidly industrializing countries such as India. This presents both enormous challenges and opportunities for Eureka Forbes. The vice-chairman and managing director is looking to his top 150 managers who will assemble at the company's annual strategic planning meeting to come up with fresh market strategies.

To achieve growth and profitability in the world's third-largest economy, multinationals need strong leadership-but China is tough on top executives. Pulsating with opportunity, China attracts foreigners, yet HR professionals continue to rank it as one of the most challenging destinations for expatriates. The problem, says the author, is that many executives sent to lead China operations are ill equipped to tackle the country's unique challenges. And it's hard to overcome that handicap, because leading in China calls for skills that go beyond and in some cases conflict with standard business teaching and practice. Foreign executives must be adept at reworking management orthodoxies in real time to do well there. The author's research-which includes interviews with the China business heads of around two dozen companies-confirms that success requires cultural understanding and adaptability, market knowledge, the ability to sense and respond to rapid change, and support from headquarters. Most important, effective leaders have the crucial ability to play roles that Westerners often view as contradictory: For instance, they are strategic yet hands-on; authoritative yet nurturing; and action driven yet circumspect. Above all, they have the intellectual dexterity to develop new frameworks and capabilities to meet China's particular circumstances. This article illustrates how CEOs have modified accepted wisdom to tackle their biggest challenges in China. Though some of the lessons may seem like common sense to experienced China hands, they're anything but to a freshman expat. Leaders must (1) understand the market, but work with the state; (2) adapt to local conditions, but implement global standards; (3) pay for performance, but build a people-centric workplace; (4) drive costs down, but maintain quality; and (5) recognize complexity, but define clear priorities.

A highly progressive and award-winning regional museum is trying to create a comprehensive balanced scorecard. The case shows the linking of causally related performance measures that support the museum's strategic vision and mission.

On December 22, 2008, Bank of America (BofA) chairman and CEO Ken Lewis convened a special board of directors meeting to review his company's pending acquisition of investment bank Merrill Lynch. Negotiations for the acquisition had begun a few months earlier, during the disastrous week in September in which Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy. Initially both Merrill and BofA viewed their agreement favorably, but in the intervening months, as Merrill's anticipated losses ballooned and the government stepped in with such programs as the TARP, BofA found itself tied to a financial anchor with a hard-line from the government that prevented BofA from abandoning ship. This case provides background on the financial crisis and the chain of events between September and December of 2008 in which Merrill, BofA, and the government attempted to negotiate the acquisition. This case focuses class discussion on several decisions-whether BofA should have initially agreed to buy Merrill Lynch, whether it should have accepted capital contributions from the Treasury, and how it should have responded to the deterioration in Merrill Lynch's position in the first quarter.

Supplements to HBS no. 310-092.

In March of 2009, Lincoln Financial Group's CEO Dennis Glass was facing a difficult decision as to how he would replenish his company's capital, which could quickly fall to dangerously low levels as a result of the financial crisis. Though the cost of raising capital in the private sector was much higher than a government bailout, the latter also came with strings attached, including restrictions on executive compensation, limitations on dividends and potential damage to the company's brand among its stakeholders. Glass needed to weigh the pros and cons of private capital versus federal assistance, or somehow combine the two. This case reviews the impact of the financial crisis on the life insurance and annuity industry by analyzing the options available to Glass at Lincoln Financial.

In 2010, Friend Bank was entering the fifth year of Hope Harris Johnson's ambitious 20-year growth plan to transform her family's one branch community bank into an institution with a substantial presence in southeastern Alabama. Harris Johnson was pleased, so far, with the results. Strategically they had exceeded expectations in opening a second office and execution of the plan was going well. And while the financial and economic crisis that began in 2008 had affected the financial results, it also presented Friend with competitive opportunities. Nonetheless, realizing her ultimate goals for Friend would not come easily.

ITG CEO Robert Gasser wondered if the financial crisis had permanently affected the firm's business model. A leader in trade analytics and execution for institutional equity investors, ITG had grown since its establishment in 1987 in step with the dramatic rise in equity trading volumes. During 2009, however, investors curbed their equities trading, depressing ITG's heavily commission-based revenues, and earnings plunged by 63%, resulting in ITG's first unprofitable quarter since 1988. Gasser was convinced that ITG's challenges were not simply a function of shrinking trading volumes; 2009's downturn revealed limits of client willingness to pay for the value ITG delivered, and the infrastructure ITG had constructed to support clients with customized software tools and technical support had grown well beyond sustainable levels. With his management team, Gasser had developed a two part response to the challenge: a reduction in staff and a focus on clients that most valued what ITG offered. While significant cost savings goals would be realized in part through employee layoffs, he wondered about ITG's ability to deal with these changes. Adjusting its customer portfolio meant that ITG would be pulling back products from some clients while reaching out to others in new ways, and he was unsure how clients would respond.

The owner of Monforte Dairy Company Ltd. in Stratford, Ontario, was torn between two alternatives for the future of the company. She depended on the company for her livelihood, but she also wanted to use the company to further several culinary movements. All major growth options under consideration would require debt financing, and the owner wondered what affect this would have on her company.

The case describes the challenges faced by Ford and other automobile manufacturers in an era of declining oil reserves and volatile fuel prices. The Ford diesel decision seems to reflect classic thinking constrained by mental models that were developed in a different world. Diesels constitute over 50 per cent of automobile sales in Europe, because fuel is extremely expensive there. If fuel gets extremely expensive in the United States, one would expect diesels to become more attractive. Yet Ford seems to be stuck in the old mental model that says Americans don't like diesels. Ford can't prove in a PowerPoint presentation that there is a big market for small diesels mostly because there are few small diesels available to U.S. consumers. But that traps them into a position where they will never lead the industry or innovate outside of current market and technology conditions.

By 2010, China's economy faced a series of challenges that could threaten its growth and trade balance. This case presents a structure for students to discuss China's economy in the context of these threats. Prior to this time, there had been general feeling that China could continue indefinitely with its exceptionally high growth rate of approximately 10 per cent annually. The substantial gap between wages in economically advanced nations and China might continue to attract huge volumes of foreign investment indefinitely. This optimism was being questioned by 2010.

After an incredibly volatile six months since Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy, Finbar McCall contemplated his options. As the investment manager of RPG Prime Reserve Fund, Inc. (RPGXX), McCall had just heard the news that the U.S. Treasury was extending the availability of insurance for eligible money market funds. When the insurance was first offered in September of 2008, RPGXX immediately applied for coverage. McCall's dilemma in February of 2009, when an extension of the Treasury insurance was offered, involved weighing the cost of the insurance against the comfort it might provide to skittish RPGXX shareholders and the increased flexibility it would allow in investing RPGXX's assets. This case provides a brief history and explanation of money market funds, the phenomenon known as "breaking the buck," and how the government's assistance changed the landscape of money market funds in the last months of 2008 and into 2009.