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The case follows the innovations of Gooru, a nonprofit with global reach that uses technology to empower learning experiences, from early childhood through lifelong studies, tailored to each student's needs. Gooru assesses students' current knowledge and provides them and their educators with the areas and guidance for improvement, as well as a scope of learning opportunities. It licenses its "GPS for learning.By October 2023, Gooru had been in operation for a dozen years, had received more than $35 million in grants, and was serving institutions and individuals including U.S. K-12 schools, the U.S. Department of Defense, SAP in Silicon Valley, and customers in India, South Africa, and the Middle East. A central question that Gooru now faces is whether it can scale significantly toward its educational goals while remaining a nonprofit.

This article explores the effects of open innovation on innovation performance in military bureaucracies. While the understanding of how bureaucratic organizations can benefit from open innovation is still limited, this study discovered that open innovation can have a negative effect on innovation performance. However, leveraging an innovative culture can lead to improved innovation performance in organizations characterized by high levels of structure and hierarchy, especially those where secrecy and security are of vital importance.

Surana & Surana International Attorneys (S&S) is a multispecialty law firm. Since its inception in 1971, it had declined to serve clients who were in the industries of meat, tobacco, alcohol, and gambling (M-TAG). In early March 2023, a large opportunity arose from a world leader in the alcohol business. Sanjay Mehta, Head of Business Development, met Vinod Surana, CEO and Partner at S&S, to convince him about bringing change to its deep-rooted tradition of sticking to no M-TAG. Kartik and Keerti,CEO's two sons would join S&S soon after finishing their legal education. Surana had a dilemma whether to stick to the existing business philosophy of "no M-TAG" clients or be flexible, considering growing competition and the business requirements.

Surana & Surana International Attorneys (S&S) is a multispecialty law firm. Since its inception in 1971, it had declined to serve clients who were in the industries of meat, tobacco, alcohol, and gambling (M-TAG). In early March 2023, a large opportunity arose from a world leader in the alcohol business. Sanjay Mehta, Head of Business Development, met Vinod Surana, CEO and Partner at S&S, to convince him about bringing change to its deep-rooted tradition of sticking to no M-TAG. Kartik and Keerti,CEO's two sons would join S&S soon after finishing their legal education. Surana had a dilemma whether to stick to the existing business philosophy of "no M-TAG" clients or be flexible, considering growing competition and the business requirements.

Aditya Goel, co-founder of Love In Store Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (Love In Store), had had a great run despite the COVID-19 pandemic, which started in 2019. Goel and his technology partner had created Love In Store as an entrepreneurial venture that offered a one-stop solution to fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in India, the majority of which handled the bulk of their supplies through distributors and wholesalers. Love In Store provided both people and technology (tech) to supervise distribution activities for FMCG companies. After the initial success with FMCG companies, Goel also added a tech solution related to payments made to distributors, which would be based on actual proof of promotions. Love In Store's application (app)-based technology solution streamlined the previously complex and tedious process of supervising distribution and managing sales territories-which had required distributors' salespeople to write orders, check inventory of stock-keeping units in various categories, and benchmark competitive campaigns, as well as manage sales promotions and merchandising displays and inform retailers about company schemes and policies. Love In Store's app enabled its appointed people to take care of this supervision, generate reports, pass on orders to the distributors, and support the distributors. After the company's initial success, and once its turnover reached ₹10 million, Goel and his co-founder decided to expand their operations. The aftermath of the pandemic dominated Goel's thinking, and he wondered whether it was a good strategy to keep the business restricted to one domain only. While he needed to manage running the business, he was also contemplating the challenge of expanding into other business areas.

Aditya Goel, co-founder of Love In Store Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (Love In Store), had had a great run despite the COVID-19 pandemic, which started in 2019. Goel and his technology partner had created Love In Store as an entrepreneurial venture that offered a one-stop solution to fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in India, the majority of which handled the bulk of their supplies through distributors and wholesalers. Love In Store provided both people and technology (tech) to supervise distribution activities for FMCG companies. After the initial success with FMCG companies, Goel also added a tech solution related to payments made to distributors, which would be based on actual proof of promotions. Love In Store’s application (app)-based technology solution streamlined the previously complex and tedious process of supervising distribution and managing sales territories—which had required distributors’ salespeople to write orders, check inventory of stock-keeping units in various categories, and benchmark competitive campaigns, as well as manage sales promotions and merchandising displays and inform retailers about company schemes and policies. Love In Store’s app enabled its appointed people to take care of this supervision, generate reports, pass on orders to the distributors, and support the distributors. After the company’s initial success, and once its turnover reached ₹10 million, Goel and his co-founder decided to expand their operations. The aftermath of the pandemic dominated Goel’s thinking, and he wondered whether it was a good strategy to keep the business restricted to one domain only. While he needed to manage running the business, he was also contemplating the challenge of expanding into other business areas.

This case describes the origins, design, and operations of a social enterprise that was working on the challenge of making high-skill employment opportunities available to non-speaking people with autism. Key to the organization’s efforts was a unique community model that provided the supports needed to activate the talents of a group of people who had historically been excluded from the labour market. These activities were an important part of the overall evolution of work that was happening in the early twenty-first century due to shifting social, technological, and competitive factors.

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, most foreign backpackers could no longer travel to Hong Kong, a trend that continued well into 2021 and adversely affected the operations of a local hostel in the Sham Shui Po neighbourhood. The own and founder of Wontonmeen, Patricia Choi, was exploring the feasibility of repositioning to attract new customers. To explore the repositioning decision, an online survey was conducted along with consumer interviews to better understand a new market opportunity. The data provided useful information about the feasibility of repositioning the hostel to attract local Hong Kong based consumers. Using the data, Choi had to explore the risks and benefits and make a decision on how to position her beloved hostel.

Street Business School (SBS) employed an innovative social-franchise model aimed at providing entrepreneurship training to one million impoverished women worldwide. Originating as BeadforLife, a non-profit organization that connected women in Uganda who produced recycled paper jewellery with international markets, SBS developed a tailored entrepreneurship program while working with small groups of bead producers. With aspirations to expand globally and impact more women, SBS adopted a social franchising model and certified other organizations to implement its valuable approach and curriculum. However, generating earned income proved challenging, and SBS relied heavily on funds raised from individuals and philanthropic organizations. In addition, the organization faced the dilemma of balancing its focus on scalability and global expansion with the depth of impact it aimed to achieve. In January 2023, the chief executive officer (CEO) wondered what she should recommend to the board as the most appropriate business model for scaling SBS's impact.

In February 2007, Diego Papalia, founder and owner of Ottawa Pianos, was getting ready to meet with his daughter, Carmen, to discuss the strategic future of the company. Five years prior, the father-daughter duo had started separate projects within the business. Diego had launched the digital music centre and Carmen had started a piano school, with a plan to reassess which might be the more lucrative endeavour in five years' time. The DMC sold guitars, amplifiers, drum kits, and various other electronic musical equipment; however, there was a high turnover requirement as music technology was constantly evolving. Carmen's piano school had grown to over a dozen instructors and 300 students. The downside was that it took up a lot of space- in this case, the entire basement that could otherwise be used for stock storage-and yielded low profit margins. Diego and Carmen had to decide which of the two projects to retain.

Since its beginning in 2018, Jane Win LLC, a nimble and lean start-up selling amulet jewellery pieces, had seen immediate success. From the company's inception, its founder, Jane Winchester Paradis, assessed the advantages and disadvantages of an expansion strategy. Paradis also assessed the viability of expanding beyond amulet pieces to achieve substantial growth. Although the young company already enjoyed strong brand recognition and offered a meaningful unique selling proposition, there were still many questions about the company's next steps, including which growth strategy would be the most suitable. Did the company have the resources and skilled management team necessary to adequately support and monitor its growth? What legal and financial issues must Paradis consider? What marketing and operational issues were the company likely to encounter during expansion?

This note is about tokenization and tokenized assets. Tokenization refers to the process of creating a representation of a particular asset on a blockchain via digital tokens. Tokenized assets typically derive their value from the value of the underlying asset. This note explores the benefits and risks of tokenization, as well as use cases. Moreover, it explores Security Token Offerings, considerations for tokenized asset issuers, and the Howey Test. It concludes with a consideration of how possible future trends may affect tokenization.

The Engine, a venture capital firm founded by MIT to fill a gap in the technology funding landscape by commercializing breakthrough science and technology. Led by managing partner and CEO Katie Rae, the Engine's unique approach involved an unusually longer fund life, as well as founder training, lab space sharing, and "tough tech" ecosystem building activities centered at their brand-new headquarters in Cambridge. The firm raised $507 million over its first two funds which had yielded promising results, with many portfolio companies maturing faster than anticipated. As The Engine considered its next steps, it faced several strategic questions that tested its core beliefs in startup ecosystems and commercializing frontier science. Should the Engine's third fund expand geographically or into later-stage companies? And how much should they raise? The Engine team attempted to balance its desire to scale their impact with the need to maintain focus on supporting the most ambitious technical founders.

At a conference in November 2020, the chief executive officers (CEOs) of two exceptional healthcare start-ups—AliveCor Inc. (AliveCor) and Neurobit Inc. (Neurobit)—discussed their paths to innovation: AliveCor, a trailblazing health tech company, had emerged in 2011 with electrocardiogram (ECG) hardware and software that had since garnered global recognition. Neurobit, a digital health start-up, entered the scene in 2018 with sleep biomarker–based health analytics that could predict adverse cardiopulmonary or neurological outcomes. As the CEOs shared their stories, common challenges emerged regarding data acquisition, privacy concerns, and regulatory compliance. Amid their successes, the two companies experienced the necessity of addressing data challenges to achieve AI’s full potential in healthcare. They made trade-offs between time and resources amid a rapidly evolving industry and employed various strategies and solutions, from academic collaborations to extensive data collection, in their quest to determine the best strategy to use to overcome the challenges of efficiently and cost-effectively acquiring and utilizing data to drive innovation and gain a competitive edge.

BoAt Lifestyle (boAt), a digital-first consumer products company founded in New Delhi, India, by Aman Gupta and Sameer Mehta in 2014, had launched its first products (wired earphones and headphones) two years after a thorough market study. Over time, the company had entered various high-growth consumer lifestyle–focused product categories, offering its products online at affordable prices. It then attempted to move into the offline market, adopting an omnichannel strategy to engage with a larger customer base and increase its profitability. Despite tough competition from similar brands, it managed to build a reputation among its customers. However, customers and investors were less than happy with its strategy to procure most of its products from China and questioned the high valuation in its initial public offering. To add to the company’s woes, sales its own online and offline channels were not satisfactory. At the end of January 2022, the company was facing an important question: What should boAt do to maintain its growth momentum, appease investor’s patriotic sentiments, and expand sales from its own channels? Which of these challenges should be its priority in the short-run?

BoAt Lifestyle (boAt), a digital-first consumer products company founded in New Delhi, India, by Aman Gupta and Sameer Mehta in 2014, had launched its first products (wired earphones and headphones) two years after a thorough market study. Over time, the company had entered various high-growth consumer lifestyle-focused product categories, offering its products online at affordable prices. It then attempted to move into the offline market, adopting an omnichannel strategy to engage with a larger customer base and increase its profitability. Despite tough competition from similar brands, it managed to build a reputation among its customers. However, customers and investors were less than happy with its strategy to procure most of its products from China and questioned the high valuation in its initial public offering. To add to the company's woes, sales its own online and offline channels were not satisfactory. At the end of January 2022, the company was facing an important question: What should boAt do to maintain its growth momentum, appease investor's patriotic sentiments, and expand sales from its own channels? Which of these challenges should be its priority in the short-run?

Soma Solutions was a small consulting firm based in Johannesburg, South Africa. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Soma Solutions had provided face-to-face, on-site information and communications technology (ICT) training on SAP and ERP to state-owned enterprises. However, due to the nationwide lockdown and the need to curb the spread of the virus, the company could no longer conduct on-site training. The state-owned enterprises, its main clients, also had to close temporarily and shift to remote work. The economic upheaval left Soma Solutions facing uncertainty and instability. Despite having operated for only four years, it grappled with the decision to pivot or preserve its existing approach. The challenge was to remain relevant and competitive while navigating evolving norms and limited resources. How prepared was the company to transition to virtual training? What would pivoting look like for the company, and would it help sustain the business post-pandemic?

In 1978, Jaipur Rugs was founded in a small village in Rajasthan, India. Over the next 40 years, Jaipur Rugs developed into a global business with strong social responsibility. Right from the start, the founder looked beyond profits to provide a source of livelihood and dignity of life to thousands of women in rural villages without formal education and no opportunities outside their homes. Over time, Jaipur Rugs grew into an empire that empowered 40,000 women weavers from some of the most economically disadvantaged areas of India. In 2022, Jaipur Rugs was planning to expand internationally, with high acclaim and demand for its products. However, traditional weavers and their families were losing their original motivation. Younger family members of veteran weavers were opting instead for more lucrative opportunities in India's urban centres. With an evolving socio-economic environment across India, how would Jaipur Rugs retain its weavers and attract new artisans?