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This note will provide an overview of valuation methodologies in private equity.

Prada currently requires a significant amount of capital both to re-finance debt that is maturing in the next six to twelve months and to finance its intended growth into the Asian (especially Chinese) markets. Since financial markets are aware of Prada’s pressing need to raise capital, it is important for the board of directors to develop a credible strategy for raising the necessary capital of at least €1 billion. Although the press has been suggesting that Prada will do an initial public offering, the company has tried this several times in the past with no success, mainly because of bad timing (9/11, the SARS outbreak, and the ongoing global financial crisis and European sovereign debt crisis). The board has approached Guido Santini of the investment bank Grupo Capo Milano to come up with a number of credible alternatives and a strategy for raising the needed capital.

Identifying an appropriate benchmark is an essential step in assessing a manager's performance. In the prospectus or fund advertising materials, a benchmark for the fund is typically identified, and the performance of the fund relative to that benchmark is given. The issue of concern is whether or not the benchmark provided has a similar risk profile to the fund.

The case focuses on two major challenges in deal making in emerging market economies-deal sourcing and negotiation-by focusing on a real (but disguised) Indian private equity deal. In 2010 Surya Tutoring was a fast-growing tutoring academy for high school students aspiring to gain admission to the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology (IIT). Surya's CEO, R. K. Sharma, wanted to expand its reach beyond Kota (a city of 1 million people in the northern state of Rajasthan), which had become the center of the IIT prep school industry and home to tens of thousands of students studying for the rigorous IIT entrance exam. Sharma knew there was vast untapped potential in the teeming Indian metropolises of Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, and Bangalore, as well as in foreign markets such as Dubai and Australia. Sharma had received term sheets from two private equity firms willing to finance Surya's expansion. By the end of the month he needed to decide which to accept: the offer from big bulge bracket fund Blackgem, or the one from ZenCap, a small Indian firm based in Mumbai with which he had become intimately familiar during the past year.

Spreadsheet for case KEL679

Spreadsheet for case UV5669

World population growth and increasing urbanization will require new cities in the future around the world. This technical note attempts to systematize the key design decisions that developers and policy makers alike must make to be able to proceed.

On July 13, 2012, JPMorgan Chase & Co. announced a larger than expected loss for the quarter, $4.4 billion from positions held in the Chief Investment Office (CIO), raising the total losses to $5.9 billion. Since the substantial risks in the CIO had first been revealed on April 5, the firm and its CEO, Jamie Dimon, had been the source of intense scrutiny by regulators, legislators, the media, shareholders and analysts. The situation represented a rare, but significant, misstep by Dimon who had successfully steered Morgan through the financial crisis and was regarded as one of the financial industry's best leaders and risk managers. The firm also revealed that it was restating its first quarter 2012 results because of what it had learned as it investigated the CIO losses.

Spreadsheet for case UV5147

Mary Spencer was putting the final touches on her personal financial plan before graduating from the Richard Ivey School of Business HBA program in spring 2012. Generally, Mary was happy with her plan. Her goals, investment policy statement, and financial budget all made perfect sense to her. However, she kept returning to one number - a 43 per cent tax rate! It did not seem fair that just when she started to make some serious income, she would have to give 43 per cent of it to the government. During one of her courses, Mary had spent some time learning about tax strategies available to Canadians. They all seemed to involve three- and four-letter acronyms - TSFA, RSP, RHOSP, etc. - but she wondered which ones would have the optimal impact on her tax situation, and if there was a combination that would work best together.

Mary Spencer was putting the final touches on her personal financial plan before graduating from the Richard Ivey School of Business HBA program in spring 2012. Generally, Mary was happy with her plan. Her goals, investment policy statement, and financial budget all made perfect sense to her. However, she kept returning to one number — a 43 per cent tax rate! It did not seem fair that just when she started to make some serious income, she would have to give 43 per cent of it to the government. During one of her courses, Mary had spent some time learning about tax strategies available to Canadians. They all seemed to involve three- and four-letter acronyms — TSFA, RSP, RHOSP, etc. — but she wondered which ones would have the optimal impact on her tax situation, and if there was a combination that would work best together.

Eric Weston is struggling to keep his garden supply business alive. Revenues are up slightly from last year but profits are down in a poor economy as he attempts to integrate an expensive recent acquisition. The deal he struck with the old owner restricts a number of his options and the banker has turned the loan over to the workout division. He feels that his suppliers are willing to work with him and his employees depend on him for their livelihood. At the banks request, an outside consultant has been brought in to make their recommendations. He has made personal guarantees to the bank, loan payments to the old owner are about to come due and Weston is faced with some unanticipated expenses. The company's cash situation is very tight and he is forced to evaluate the liquidation value of the company as he considers the actions to take to avoid failing in his dream to have his own business. The case is a rewritten version of a previous case 899-212, updating the dates and financial data to 2012 timeframe.

The case can be taught in an introductory corporate finance course or to more experienced students or executives to spur a discussion about share repurchases and corporate financial strategies in general. If used in an introductory course, the case is most effective if preceded by a traditional dividend class. It follows a portfolio manager of Johnson & Associates, Mark Johnson, who was reviewing his holdings, including his position in AutoZone in early 2012. A prominent shareholder, Edward Lampert, had begun liquidating his position in AutoZone, and Johnson was concerned that Lampert's reduced position could lead the company to stop using share repurchases as a method of distributing cash flows to shareholders. The case lists a number of alternative uses for the cash flows and asks students to assume Johnson's role as an analyst and assess the likely impact of those alternatives on AutoZone's stock price. The case can be taught in an introductory corporate finance course or to more experienced students or executives to spur a discussion about share repurchases and corporate financial strategies in general. If used in an introductory course, the case is most effective if preceded by a traditional dividend class.

Spreadsheet Supplement for UV6463

A financial analyst for Procter and Gamble must report on the prospects and implications of a new teeth-whitening product. Beyond a realistic profit-and-loss forecast and baseline net present value, he must determine which pricing and marketing strategy is most likely to maximize value for shareholders.

Green Mountain Coffee Roasters is considered as a short sale candidate. (A stock sold short makes money if the stock price declines.) This business is growing at a high rate, but there are signs of potential problems. This is a very real illustration of bullish investors versus bearish investors. Like a mystery novel, there are spies, possible misrepresentation and conflicting information. Decision-making under uncertainty is explored, a factor professional investors must deal with every day. Case discussion topics include risks in short selling, margin loan calculation, investor behavior, stock valuation analysis, forecasting business growth potential, forecasting earnings reports, management incentives, actions taken by management to increase stock price, aggressive accounting practices, assessing business impact of a patent expiration and the impact of business growth rate on stock market valuation.

Green Mountain Coffee Roasters is considered a short sale candidate (a stock sold short makes money if the stock price declines). The business is growing quickly, but there are signs of potential problems. The case provides a realistic illustration of bullish versus bearish investors. Like in a mystery novel, there are spies, possible misrepresentation, and conflicting information here. Decision-making under uncertainty is explored — a factor professional investors must deal with every day.<br><br><br><br>Case discussion topics include risks in short selling, margin loan calculation, investor behaviour, stock valuation analysis, forecasting business growth potential, forecasting earnings reports, management incentives, actions taken by management to increase the stock price, aggressive accounting practices, assessing the business impact of a patent expiration, and the impact of a business growth rate on stock market valuation.

Everything Rattan has approached its bank for a loan. The bank needs to analyze the loan request and prepare a collateral analysis for the situation.

This case contains four vignettes that provide an introduction to the issues covered in the course, Private Equity Finance.

Everything Rattan has approached its bank for a loan. The bank needs to analyze the loan request and prepare a collateral analysis for the situation.