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Examines the lease vs. buy decision for investments in technology. Addresses pivotal investment decision issues such as varying the length of the lease, the useful life of the equipment, and alignment with the company's overall financial strategy. The scenario is for a real financial services firm that has been disguised for confidentiality reasons. Presents an investment decision: should a company buy or lease technology with a relatively short useful life? The new controller at AMG, a Fortune 500 financial services firm, has been tasked with determining how to finance the acquisition of 7,542 new PCs to be rolled out over the next 12 months. This is a $6.7 million investment decision and the rollout schedule adds significant complexity to the solution. The controller must choose between buying or leasing the computers over 24- or 36-month time frames. Provides a framework for analyzing similar investment decisions. The key learning point is that leasing information technology can be cheaper than buying. This is contradictory to a car lease, which may be familiar from everyday experience. A new car has a potentially long useful life and can retain significant value after several years, hence, intuition is that buying should always be cheaper than leasing. Shows that this is not the case for information technology. Teaches the correct application of the mid-quarter convention within MACRS depreciation for technology, and the implications of operating vs. capital leases and off-balance-sheet financing. In the process, introduces the four tests for a capital lease. Finally, shows how creative analysis techniques can be used to simplify complex decisions. These techniques aid in arriving at a conclusion faster and with less effort.

Most experts agree that when it comes to a global flu pandemic, it's not a matter of 'if', but 'when'. One thing is certain: the effects on the global economy will be severe and widespread. The author, the chief economist for BMO Nesbitt Burns and Harris Bank, shows how businesses can plan for their own continuity of service and the safety of their workers. She shows how the need to coordinate these efforts locally, nationally, and globally in both the private and public sectors is unprecedented, extremely demanding, and above all, necessary.

The leadership of Minera Las Piedras (MLP) of Chile, a privately held Chilean copper mining company, had an unusual problem in January 2005: the company had too much money. The company had earned $500 million more than expected in 2004, and as a result was now exploring its alternative uses for the funds. Although all agreed it was a nice problem, it still presented leadership with a rather complex set of choices of how and where to invest or distribute these new-found riches

Spreadsheet Supplement for case 206076.

A large restaurant chain undergoes a leveraged buyout and subsequent recapitalization. Financial and operating problems at the company force it to consider various restructuring options, including a prepackaged Chapter 11 exchange offer to its public bondholders. Two investment bankers hired by senior and junior creditors present competing company valuations to the bankruptcy court that differ by $700 million.

Student spreadsheet to case UV2530

The cofounder of Compass Records, a small, independent music-recording company, must decide whether to "produce and own" the next album of an up-and-coming folk musician or simply "license" her finished recording. This case presents information sufficient to build cash-flow forecasts for either investment alternative. Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis reveals that licensing will be the more attractive alternative unless the student assesses the value of the options for follow-on albums included in the "produce-and-own" contract.

In November 2003, a vice president of Deutsche Bank Securities received a request from a client to finance the acquisition of a large hospital-supply distributor. The client needed to present to the seller an offering price and indication of financial commitment within two weeks. The contemplated transaction entailed a highly leveraged acquisition of the target. The tasks for the student are to value the target firm and projected synergies, assess the creditworthiness of the target (i.e., the ability to bear the high debt), and critically evaluate the general design of the transaction.

In August 2005, an investment manager of a hedge fund is considering purchasing an equity interest in a start-up biotechnology firm, Arcadian Microarray Technologies, Inc. The asking price is $40 million for a 60 percent equity interest. Managers of the firm are optimistic about the firm's future performance; the investment manager is more conservative in his expectations. He calls on the help of an analyst with her firm to fashion a counterproposal to Arcadian's management. The tasks for the student are to apply the concept of terminal value, interpret completed analyses and data, and derive implications of different terminal-value assumptions in an effort to recommend a counterproposal. Very little numerical figure-work is required of the student.

Spreadsheet supplement for case UV1392.

This note provides an introduction to financial ratios and financial forecasting. It examines principles in the art and science of thoughtful financial forecasting. In particular, it reviews the importance of understanding financial ratios.

In June 2004 Purinex, Inc., a pharmaceutical company with several clinically and commercially promising drugs in development, expected to secure a partnership with a major pharmaceutical company sometime in the next four to 12 months. That partnership, if secured, would enable Purinex to develop one of its leading compounds as a drug. The company, however, had no sales or earnings and only 11 months of cash on hand. The student must assess whether the company should attempt to secure financing now or wait until it consummated a partnership deal. The tasks for the student include evaluating the probabilities that a collaboration with a pharmaceutical company would actually happen; determining whether the company stay above water until such occurred; and analyzing the other risks to the company under these circumstances.

In July 2002, an investment banker advising Deluxe Corporation must prepare recommendations to the company's board of directors regarding the firm's financial policy. Special considerations are the mix of debt and equity and the maintenance of financial flexibility.

Spreadsheet supplement for case UV1388.

A venture capitalist must prepare a memorandum for his investment committee outlining the opportunities and challenges presented by financing a leveraged management buyout of Grace Bioremediation Technologies, a company involved in developing manufacturing and marketing soil and water bioremediation technologies. He must decide the appropriate rate of return, assess risks and opportunities and design a term sheet containing the details of a deal structure that includes major clauses required for any loan and shareholders' agreements.

The president of the board of directors of the London Youth Symphony is contemplating how to ensure the survival of the orchestra. On the verge of bankruptcy in 2001, the symphony now has more than $40,000 in the bank, but must address the reality that the orchestra might not survive due to a lack of musicians. Students must develop projected financial statements subject to given minimum balance and breakeven constraints. There is much room for judgment in developing the strategic plan; while many of the numbers are alluded to, many assumptions must also be made. Additionally, students will be exposed to some of the issues that may arise with volunteer boards of directors and not-for-profit organizations.

A first year business school student has obtained a summer job as an analyst at a top investment bank in Los Angeles, California. His first assignment was the pricing of MicroComp's junk-bonds in the market place. Looking at the market value balance sheets, it was very clear that MicroComp was in financial distress. MicroComp's dept totaled $150 million, while the market value of its assets were $80 million. If MicroComp was required to repay its debt immediately, it would be forced into bankruptcy. Clearly, MicroComp was in effective default, why did its market capitalization remain at $5 million? Why had it not fallen to zero? Students will use option theory to answer these questions.

The manager of a billion dollar hedge fund had just been approached by a syndicate of funds to gauge her interest in a bid to purchase RamSync Incorporated, a Silicon-Valley manufacturer of memory chips. Using a traditional discounted cash flow analysis (the APV method), the manager quickly determines that at a purchase price of $900 million, RamSync has a negative NPV of $33 million. However, purchasing RamSync, which currently produces SDRAM, would allow the owner to enter the much-anticipated MRAM market at a future period in time. The manager is now forced to reconsider how to value RamSync considering the hidden call option it has on the MRAM market.

A derivative is a financial instrument that's value, as its name suggests, is derived from the value of an underlying asset or security. There are many different derivative securities available, including: forwards, futures, options, rights, warrants, convertibles and swaps. This note introduces some of the key concepts, terminology and strategies associated with these derivatives.