個案總覽

Harvard Management Co. uses portfolio theory to help consider the asset allocation issues for its endowment.

In February 2000, a managing partner of a U.K.-based private equity fund, Palamon Capital Partners, faced the decision of whether to invest in an Italian software company, TeamSystem, S.p.A. The rationale for this investment was a belief in the rapid future consolidation of the enterprise software industry in Italy, in combination with improvements in operating performance believed to arise from a stronger investor orientation after the transaction. The transaction entailed a leveraged recapitalization of the target that would significantly change its ownership, control and leverage. The task for the student is to evaluate the attractiveness of the investment, based on a strategic appraisal, a valuation of the target with its new capitalization, and an assessment of the proposed deal structure.

Spreadsheet Supplement for case 201098

In early 1999, Calpine Corp.'s CEO Pete Cartwright adopted an aggressive growth strategy with the goal of increasing the company's aggregate generating capacity from approximately 3,000 to 15,000 megawatts (MW) by 2004. He believed there was a fleeting opportunity to repower America given the inefficiency and age of current generating capacity as well as the recently granted ability to compete in wholesale power markets. To achieve the new goal, Calpine will have to build or acquire as many as 25 power plants at a total cost of $6 billion (approximately $500,000 per 1,000 MW). For a company with assets of $1.7 billion, a subinvestment grade debt rating, a debt-to-capitalization ratio of 79%, and an after-tax cash flow of $143 million in 1998, raising this much money was going to be a formidable challenge.

Supplements the (A) case.

Far Eastern Textile, a major Taiwanese textile and telecommunications company, is considering its options for raising US$130 million in a new round of global fund raising. The options of a new common stock or long term debt issue are explored but specific attention is paid to an option raised by the company's investment banker. This option entails the issuance of an innovative convertible debt instrument which combines a zero coupon and a significant conversion premium over the current price of the company's common stock. The benefit and costs of a delayed equity instrument for both corporations and investors is examined, as well as issues regarding security pricing in different financial markets.

Everyone knows that starting a business requires cash, and growing a business requires even more. But few people understand that a profitable company that tries to grow too fast can run out of cash even if its products are great successes. So a big challenge for managers of any growing concern is to strike the proper balance between consuming cash and generating it. Authors Neil Churchill and John Mullins offer a framework to help identify and manage the level of growth that a company's cash flow can support. They present a formula to calculate an organization's self-financeable growth (SFG) rate, taking into account three critical factors: a company's operating cash cycle--the amount of time the company's money is tied up in inventory and other current assets before customers pay for goods and services; the amount of cash needed to finance each dollar of sales; and the amount of cash generated by each dollar of sales. The authors offer a detailed hypothetical example that carefully considers these three factors; they then illustrate how a company can influence its SFG rate by carefully managing some combination of those factors.

Vodafone's bid for Mannesmann was the largest ever cross-border hostile bid. This case examines the economic, financial, and corporate governance issues in the deal.

In March 2000, a group of private investors and senior managers were negotiating a deal to acquire the disk drive operations of Seagate Technology. The motivating factor for the buyout was the apparently anomalous market value of Seagate's equity: Seagate's equity value was just a fraction of the value of its minority stake in Veritas Software Corp., a software maker. The investor group had to decide how much to offer for the operating assets, as well as how to finance the transaction. Further complicating the analysis was the fact that, unlike in traditional buyout settings, the target company was in a highly cyclical, volatile, and capital--intensive industry.

After initiating a hedging strategy, Apache Corp. is interested in revisiting its decision to determine if hedging is value-adding. This case investigates how the company initially decided to hedge against commodity price risk and how it implemented its hedging practice. It also examines when financial theory argues hedging is value-adding.

Spreadsheet Supplement for case 201113.

Contrary to popular wisdom, buybacks don't create value by raising earnings per share. But they do indeed create value, and in two very different ways. First, a buyback sends signals about the company's prospects to the market--hopefully, that prospects are so good that the best investment managers can make right now is in their own company. But investors won't see it that way if other, negative, signals are coming from the company, and it's rarely a good idea for companies in high-growth industries, where investors expect that money to be spent pursuing new opportunities. Second, when financed as a debt issue, a buyback is essentially an exchange of equity for debt, conferring the traditional benefits of leverage--a tax shield and a discipline for managers. For such a buyback to make sense, a company would need to have taxable profits in need of shielding, of course, and be able to predict its future cash flows fairly accurately. Justin Pettit has found that managers routinely underestimate how many shares they need to buy to send a credible signal to the markets, and he offers a way to calculate that number. He also goes through the iterative steps involved in working out how many shares must be purchased to reach a target level of debt. Then he takes a look at the advantages and disadvantages of the three most common ways that companies make the actual purchases--open-market purchases, fixed-price tender offers, and auction-based tender offers. When a company's performance is lagging, a share buyback can look attractive. Unfortunately, a buyback can backfire--unless executives understand why, when, and how to use this powerful and risky tool.

Spreadsheet to (9-201-095). Download only.

This case describes how multiple sources of uncertainty can be incorporated into a real-options-based analysis. It works through an example of a two-stage problem where a company has both an option to explore and an option to develop oil reserves.

Discounted cash flow valuation calls for using expected future prices of inputs or outputs. This case describes the relationship between spot prices, forward/future prices, and expected future prices. Knowing current forward and future prices alone is not enough to estimate expected future prices, so the forward or future prices are not in general a good estimate of the expected future price.

The flows-to-equity or equity cash flows valuation method is a discounted cash flow method used to estimate the equity portion of the capital structure. It is closely related to the venture capital/buyout valuation method, which estimates the IRR of the stream of cash flows accruing to equity holders. Both of these methods are likely to result in an estimate of equity value that is too low when the firm's debt is risky (or, equivalently, an IRR that is too high, depending on the method used to estimate terminal value). This case describes a method for estimating the size of this bias, drawing insight from option-pricing.

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and HOLDRS (Holding Company Depositary Receipts) represent recent and highly successful capital market innovations. HOLDRS closely approximates a buy-and-hold strategy, and Merrill Lynch believes the product has significantly lower taxes and other costs than ETFs. The firm is considering broadening the market for HOLDRS by introducing a new 50-stock basket, "Market 2000+ HOLDRS," that would hold 50 of the world's top-capitalized stocks.

In the summer of 1999, Adecco SA, one of the world's leading staffing companies, was in the midst of attempting to acquire the staffing operations of Olsten Corp., a U.S. firm. This case analyzes the economics of the staffing industry, basic valuation, cross-border issues including tax arbitrage, valuation of minority interest, and the importance of financial health in merger negotiations.

A very successful entrepreneur who has built a factoring business in Atlanta is trying to decide how to sell this business. The issues are how to value the company and the strategy of selling.