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On June 11, 2018, Jake Veluz, portfolio manager at BDO Asset Management had to decide whether or not to invest in the initial public offering (IPO) of D.M. Wenceslao and Associates (DMW), a Philippine-based integrated property developer. The IPO price of DMW was reduced from ₱22.90 to ₱12 because of deteriorating stock market conditions. There is substantial concentration risk because most of the company’s land is in a single location and it is subject to long-term competitive pressures. However, DMW also has good prospects for future growth and capital appreciation in real estate rentals and development. Veluz had to prepare an internal memo to explain the merits, risks, and fair valuation of a possible investment in the DMW IPO in the context of weak stock market conditions.

Instructor Spreadsheet to accompany product 8B20N025.

Student Spreadsheet to accompany product 9B20N025.

In late 2017, Satrix, one of the largest passive asset management firms in South Africa and a pioneer in the industry since 2000, had to decide its strategy going forward in a market where passive asset management had become increasingly commoditized and competitive. Over the previous three years, as a result of increased competition and changing investor expectations, Satrix had faced increased pressure to reduce its management fees. The total expense ratio (TER) of the Satrix 40, Satrix's flagship ETF, was 38 basis points (bps), more than double that of many of its new competitors. To maintain the company's position in the industry, Satrix's leadership was considering cutting the TER on its flagship ETF by almost 75% from 38 bps to 10 bps. The fee change would dramatically lower Satrix's margins, but the company's leadership was concerned that Satrix couldn't afford to not make the change; nearly 10% of assets the company managed came from the Satrix 40. What should they do?

This Note has two parts. The first part (A) explores how US private equity firms are incorporating ESG (Environmental, Social, & Governance) factors and impact objectives into their investment strategies and firm practices. It is based on publicly available information and on interviews with representatives from leading firms, limited partners (LPs), academic experts, and relevant nonprofit organizations. The note begins with background on the PE industry. It then examines why and how firms are incorporating ESG and impact objectives, identifies the barriers to integrating these objectives more fully, and summarizes some areas of possible improvement. The second part (B) offers suggestions for offers suggestions for roles various constituents can play in advocating for improved ESG and impact efforts in the PE industry.

This is the second part of a two-part note. The first part (A) explores how US private equity firms are incorporating ESG (Environmental, Social, & Governance) factors and impact objectives into their investment strategies and firm practices. It is based on publicly available information and on interviews with representatives from leading firms, limited partners (LPs), academic experts, and relevant nonprofit organizations. The note begins with background on the PE industry. It then examines why and how firms are incorporating ESG and impact objectives, identifies the barriers to integrating these objectives more fully, and summarizes some areas of possible improvement. The second part (B) offers suggestions for roles various constituents can play in advocating for improved ESG and impact efforts in the PE industry.

Kelvin Teo, Group CEO of peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platform Funding Societies Pte Ltd, has submitted an application for a Singapore digital wholesale bank (DWB) licence to the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), Singapore's central bank and financial regulator. For the purpose of this application, Funding Societies had set up a consortium with smartphone manufacturer Xiaomi Corp, investment bank AMTD Group, and electricity and gas grid operator SP Group. The questions that the case tackles include: Should Funding Societies remain a P2P lending platform or seek to become a digital bank? What were its reasons for choosing to team up with this specific set of consortium partners? Why did Funding Societies abandon its initial plan to be lead partner of the consortium? If the application failed, what should be its back-up plan?

Instructor Spreadsheet to accompany product 8B20N034.

Student Spreadsheet to accompany product 9B20N034.

In January 2017, Canada-based Saputo Inc. was preparing an offer to acquire the remaining shares of an Australian dairy firm, Warrnambool Cheese & Butter Factory Co. Hold. Ltd. (WCB). Saputo Inc. had previously acquired a majority of the equity, but minority shareholders prevented Saputo Inc. from delisting WCB from the Australian Securities Exchange. Although WCB was a publicly traded company, the current share price might not reflect its intrinsic value because its shares were very thinly traded, with most shares being owned by Saputo Inc. and a few minority shareholders. Saputo Inc. had to determine an appropriate offer price for the acquisition.

In 2018, China Merchants Bank, China’s seventh-largest bank and the 30th-largest bank in the world, strategically repositioned itself in “light banking” to address the changing competitive landscape and rapid entry of non-bank financial technology companies. These companies were using information technology to compete in China’s domestic payments market. China Merchants Bank was also actively stimulating innovation. Through its incubation fund, the bank provided funding to its business units for new technology projects. The bank’s president was reviewing one specific project financed by the fund—the cross-border payments blockchain system. He was eager to determine the success of the project and the potential for future development of the blockchain technology, in his efforts to understand the applicability of blockchain to banking in general, and to payments banking in particular.

Spreadsheet for product 9B20N024.

In 2018, China Merchants Bank, China's seventh-largest bank and the 30th-largest bank in the world, strategically repositioned itself in "light banking" to address the changing competitive landscape and rapid entry of non-bank financial technology companies. These companies were using information technology to compete in China's domestic payments market. China Merchants Bank was also actively stimulating innovation. Through its incubation fund, the bank provided funding to its business units for new technology projects. The bank's president was reviewing one specific project financed by the fund-the cross-border payments blockchain system. He was eager to determine the success of the project and the potential for future development of the blockchain technology, in his efforts to understand the applicability of blockchain to banking in general, and to payments banking in particular.

Student spreadsheet supplement to case W20606

This two-part case series follows CSL Capital's 2009 investment in the greenfield manufacturing company, Patriot Proppants. CSL, a recently established investment firm, employs a unique investment model, funding new ("green field") energy service businesses that serve Oil & Gas customers in the growing U.S. shale industry. This (A) case offers a perspective on CSL's approach to deploying capital and the intricacies of the decision process as it relates to potential investment in Patriot. This case also offers insights into fundraising issues, asset-backed lending, and co-investments. Specifically, in addition to evaluating the investment opportunity, CSL must decide which co-investment partner to take on, should it advance with the investment. Students are presented with an opportunity to closely evaluate the terms of the co-investment proposals, particularly given that they came separately from strategic and financial co-investors with divergent objectives.

This two-part case series follows CSL Capital's 2009 investment in the greenfield manufacturing company, Patriot Proppants. CSL, a recently established investment firm, employs a unique investment model, funding new ("greenfield") energy service businesses that serve Oil & Gas customers in the growing U.S. shale industry. Case (A) offers a perspective on CSL's approach to deploying capital and the intricacies of the decision process as it relates to a potential investment in Patriot. Case (B) is shorter and focuses on an unsolicited offer from a strategic buyer, roughly one year after the initial deal closed. This case offers an opportunity to reflect on investment value-add for CSL, exit strategies, and fundraising issues.

In April 2020, global financial markets were still reeling as the COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly across the world. Global equity markets had initially fallen by 30% in response to the pandemic, and high-yield credit markets had dropped by nearly 20%. In contrast, U.S. Treasury markets were up 20% year-to-date (YTD). Interestingly, the U.S. Mortgage Backed Security (MBS) market had been much less responsive to the health crisis, exhibiting very low volatility throughout this period and returning about 2% YTD. Maya Russell, head of asset allocation research at a large global institutional investor, must make a recommendation on whether her fund's board should invest in MBS, and if so, whether this is a good time for the fund to implement the allocation and whether it should do so pursuing an active or a passive investment approach. This case covers a wide range of topics in fixed-income investing, including duration and interest rate risk, prepayment risk, mortgage securitization, and the design of mortgage-backed securities. These concepts are analyzed from the perspectives of both individual and professional investors in fixed-income and mortgage markets.

The angel investing space has transformed as investors have moved from individual deal seeking to more collaborative models of investing. Angel networks are formal investor organizations that pursue investment deals with entrepreneurs, assist with deal screening, and coordinate due diligence. These coordination activities have clear benefits for angel network members, but they also give rise to a dynamic of reliant judgment in which the espoused opinions of network peers are taken as evidence that weighs heavily on the investment decision. In this article, we provide evidence from an experiment set in an angel investment pitch meeting that reveals the positive bias an angel investor shows toward peer opinions. By revealing these potentially hidden forces in angel network deliberations, we raise awareness and, by extension, offer response strategies for angels and angel network directors to properly manage the influence of peer opinion in angel network discussions.