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Student spreadsheet 1 for case SMU288.

Student spreadsheet 2 for case SMU288.

The purpose of this note is to illustrate the use of Microsoft Excel's Goal Seek feature. The technical note includes practice exercises and their solutions, and a supporting Excel workbook for students.

This brief case discusses the graduation hooding ceremony at the Darden School of Business at the University of Virginia. Its purpose is to provide practice in calculating process operating parameters such as takt time, throughput rate, throughput time, and capacity. It also provides an example of the use of Little's Law and Operator Loading Charts.

In early 2013, the senior vice-president of customer strategies at Toronto-based Cineplex Inc. (Cineplex) was sitting in her office, working on the firm's strategy. The firm's chief executive officer had asked the VP to examine some strategic alternatives and present them at the upcoming meeting of the company's board of directors. One of Cineplex's major concerns stemmed from the seemingly inexorable continued reduction in theatrical-release windows - the period during which film distributors such as Cineplex had exclusive distribution rights. The VP and her team were considering two approaches: (1) extending Cineplex's core business with premium offerings, and (2) vertically integrating into the digital download of movies. Cineplex dominated the theatrical exhibition market, and investors and analysts were starting to ask: "What's next?"

In January 2013, the executive director of Brazos Valley Food Bank, Incorporated, situated in central Texas, is faced with several issues endemic to the non-profit sector: inconsistency in the amount and quality of unsolicited food donations, restrictions on the use of cash donations, disjunction between limited supply and high demand for food in the summer, and the unsustainability of operations. Partnering with vetted agencies, such as churches, schools and other organizations, the food bank aims to reduce and eradicate hunger in the area it serves. Being driven by volunteers and non-supply chain and non-logistics professionals, the organization struggles to achieve the efficiency of a for-profit facility due to budgetary restrictions, including the need to reduce overhead costs while striving to increase deliverables. Management has three choices: to educate its staff, partner agencies and people receiving aid on better methods of donating and better use of donated items; to stratify and increase donations; and to improve efficiency. Although anticipating the opening of a new warehouse with up-to-date technology, a vital question remains: of what benefit is a state-of-the-art warehouse and much-needed additional space if burdensome operational inefficiencies are unresolved?

A homeowner and his family finally have an offer on their residence. The terms negotiated with the buyers require the homeowner to build a detached garage on the property before the closing date on August 30, 2013, which is in 16 weeks. The homeowner's family has also made a conditional offer on another home, and the condition must be removed in two days if they would like to finalize that purchase. Although proficient at construction, the homeowner has encountered a major addition to his timeline on May 1. The city is requiring that he obtain a variance approval before the building department issues the building permit, thereby delaying the start of construction by between nine and ten weeks. The homeowner must decide whether to go ahead or cancel the sale of the residence and the purchase of a new home.

A homeowner and his family finally have an offer on their residence. The terms negotiated with the buyers require the homeowner to build a detached garage on the property before the closing date on August 30, 2013, which is in 16 weeks. The homeowner’s family has also made a conditional offer on another home, and the condition must be removed in two days if they would like to finalize that purchase. Although proficient at construction, the homeowner has encountered a major addition to his timeline on May 1. The city is requiring that he obtain a variance approval before the building department issues the building permit, thereby delaying the start of construction by between nine and ten weeks. The homeowner must decide whether to go ahead or cancel the sale of the residence and the purchase of a new home.

In an effort to save his business, Paul Marciano, the owner of Italian family restaurant Maria's Ristorante, runs a number of experiments focused on improving the customer experience around his target customer segment. These experiments lead to a better understanding about his business and cause him to make specific changes to his business model that ultimately improve things across the board. The experiments are based on research from the academic literature on the use of behavioral variables to manage customer perceptions.

The logistics analyst at Spartan Building Products, a large, national distributor of building materials, needs to prepare a report analyzing the company's logistics practices. Management is particularly concerned about the high cost of servicing customer deliveries. Students are asked to evaluate factors contributing to the logistics problems at Spartan, including freight costs and the sales mix. Students will analyze the cost implications of supporting a broad product line and servicing customer orders that have a small dollar value.

The inventory manager of sales and distribution for Toffee Inc., a confectionery company, had just concluded a meeting with all relevant personnel. The meeting had not been entirely positive. The words of the production manager still echoed in his ears: "If the ingredient inventory is not re-examined and reworked to the firm's advantage then [soon] the final products based on these ingredients will cease to yield the kind of profits that the firm expects." The inventory manager needed to prepare a comprehensive forecasting and inventory management plan with a view to minimize the cost of managing the supply chain by judicious use of resources, better forecasting, and improvement in the ingredient inventory purchasing and management systems.

In January 2013, the new chief executive officer of the Sonnen Trucking Company, a family-owned business, is considering how to reduce fleet insurance costs. As profit margins are very tight and continuing to shrink, she has to think about variables she can control in order to affect the bottom line positively. Insurance costs are the logical item to address since they are based on the company’s safety and accident records and the extent that it is willing to support a deductible. Should she institute a self-insured model or stick with the standard insurance model? She also must choose a risk mitigation/prevention strategy involving either disciplinary measures or the newly developed Drive Safe program. Whatever she decides to do, she must make sure that she retains good drivers and attracts new trainees who will be motivated to focus on safety and good customer relations in order to build the business.

The management of the Youreka Hotel in Amritsar, India, was concerned about the hotel's overall returns relative to its annual operating cost and large initial investment. The new five-star hotel was now up and running and customers had started checking in, but occupancy levels were low. The hotel industry in India was making double-digit margins, but the hotel had not even achieved operational breakeven yet. Of key importance for the operations head was choosing the best seafood supplier - based on selling price, transportation cost and other factors - for supplying the hotel's restaurants. A poor decision could have a negative impact on room occupancy and profitability. Among management, there were also concerns that the location of the hotel might be unfavourable. When could the operations head expect the hotel to match the profitability of the industry? What could he do to improve the hotel's profitability?

In his youth Chambers had no interest in technology--until an IBM recruiter suggested that he think of it as a tool for helping customers transform their businesses. Then stints at IBM and Wang taught him that even great companies are imperiled if they miss a market transition, such as the shift from mainframe computers to minicomputers or from minicomputers to PCs. In the 20 years since he became Cisco's CEO, a whole series of transitions have occurred in the kinds of technology companies rely on and in how organizations consume solutions. Anticipating those transitions and getting ahead of them has driven Cisco's evolution from routers and switches to mobile and video technology to application-centric infrastructure and cloud computing. The company has three ways to adapt: (1) If it sees a shift early enough, it develops the new technology in-house, as part of the traditional R&D process. In addition, its Entrepreneurs in Residence program financially supports and mentors early-stage entrepreneurs working in areas where Cisco sees huge potential, such as big data analytics and enterprise security. (2) It may make an acquisition--as it has done 174 times. (3) It may use a "spin-in," assembling some engineers and developers to work on a specific project outside the company, as if they were at a start-up. "You have to be bold," Chambers writes. And you need "a resilient culture with an appetite for change."

The Akshaya Patra Foundation (TAPF), a Bangalore-based non-governmental organization (NGO), has been hailed globally for running the world's largest school meal program. It operated through 16 centralized and 3 decentralized kitchens across 9 states of India; it states its Mission 2020 as being able to reach out to 5 million children by 2020. The challenge that the foundation faces in achieving its stated mission is not only of scaling up by 2020, but also of maintaining the economic sustainability of its operations in view of increased government spending on alternative social sector schemes such as Right to Food, which may reduce or limit allocations to the Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme. The case aims to study the critical challenges that Akshaya Patra faces in sustaining its operations and the several sustainability initiatives undertaken by the NGO to meet the various challenges it faces and the opportunities that it could further take to innovatively fulfil its mission of feeding 5 million children daily by 2020. It looks at the interrelations between the different dimensions of sustainability and uses frameworks to assess these sustainability initiatives at Akshaya Patra.

The Akshaya Patra Foundation (TAPF), a Bangalore based non-governmental organization (NGO), has been hailed globally for running the world's largest school meal program. It operated through 16 centralized and 3 decentralized kitchens across 9 states of India; it states its Mission 2020 as being able to reach out to 5 million children by 2020. The challenge that the foundation faces in achieving its stated mission is not only of scaling up by 2020, but also of maintaining the economic sustainability of its operations in view of increased government spending on alternative social sector schemes such as Right to Food, which may reduce or limit allocations to the Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme. The case aims to look at the critical challenges that Akshaya Patra faces in sustaining its operations and the several sustainability initiatives undertaken by the NGO to meet the various challenges and the opportunities that it could further take to innovatively fulfil its mission of feeding 5 million children daily by 2020. It looks at the interrelations between the different dimensions of sustainability and uses frameworks to assess these sustainability initiatives at Akshaya Patra. The (B) case supplements the (A) case.

The ''Taxi For Sure: Technological Innovation in the Radio Cab Industry'' and ''The Radio Cab Industry (August 2014)'' cases present an example of the services industry arguably experiencing disruption owing to technological innovations. This case is set in the radio cabs industry in a developing nation (India). The case takes the perspective of the management of TaxiForSure, a Bangalore-based startup operating in the radio cab industry in India, whose management team has to chart its growth strategy as well as review the operating model in order to ensure that they maintain a competitive edge. Introduced in India in 2000, the concept of radio cabs took off only around 2006-2007 when Meru Cabs entered the industry. Since then, the industry has evolved rapidly with several startups entering the market owing to its huge potential for growth. The strategic and operational decisions made by these companies play a major role in deciding their future as they vie for the same set of customers and drivers in somewhat similar cities across India (with some companies planning overseas expansion). There are two key operating models followed by companies in the radio cab industry - the ''owner operator model'' and the ''aggregator model''. The cases explore the benefits and consequences of choosing either of the two models as well as trigger a debate on adoption of a "hybrid model".

The ''Taxi For Sure: Technological Innovation in the Radio Cab Industry'' and ''The Radio Cab Industry (August 2014)'' cases present an example of the services industry arguably experiencing disruption owing to technological innovations. This case is set in the radio cabs industry in a developing nation (India). The case takes the perspective of the management of TaxiForSure, a Bangalore-based startup operating in the radio cab industry in India, whose management team has to chart its growth strategy as well as review the operating model in order to ensure that they maintain a competitive edge. Introduced in India in 2000, the concept of radio cabs took off only around 2006-2007 when Meru Cabs entered the industry. Since then, the industry has evolved rapidly with several startups entering the market owing to its huge potential for growth. The strategic and operational decisions made by these companies play a major role in deciding their future as they vie for the same set of customers and drivers in somewhat similar cities across India (with some companies planning overseas expansion). There are two key operating models followed by companies in the radio cab industry - the ''owner operator model'' and the ''aggregator model''. The cases explore the benefits and consequences of choosing either of the two models as well as trigger a debate on adoption of a "hybrid model".

The case provides an opportunity to students to learn about the basic concepts in Project Management using a situation that can be easily understood by all. The case provides the instructor an opportunity to demonstrate to the students as to how precedence relationships are to be generated from assertions made about a project by the project in-charge - a feature that is generally missing in most cases on the subject. The case also provides an opportunity to develop a Linear Programming (LP) model for the project. The teaching note accompanying the case provides a simple, innovative LP formulation and outlines as to how it can be used to identify the critical path and the critical activities. The case can be taught in one session (if LP formulation is not covered). Else, since it is suitable for two sessions, the model can be developed and solved in the class in the second session.

The operator of a dairy farm in Tennessee has begun renting goats for landscaping (see Goats: The Green Alternative (A)). The business proved successful so he considered expanding the operation (see Goats: The Green Alternative (B)). Now, he consults with a statistician to learn how to incorporate uncertainty into the decision about expanding. The case incorporates three types of uncertainty into a spreadsheet analysis of the expansion decision and then uses Monte Carlo analysis to produce an array of outcomes from the capital budgeting process.