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In the eyes of many leaders, artificial intelligence and cognitive technologies are the most disruptive forces on the horizon. But most organizations don't have a strategy to address them.

As researchers and consultants, we have spent the last few years helping a dozen major public and private organizations understand what went wrong with their strategic planning. We discovered that executives have a hard time with strategy because they are at a loss when the time comes to engage in strategic dialogue. Either their teams debate the organization's values and goals when such issues should be settled, or they waste time on the details of specific projects that have yet to receive the green light. But whether the conversation is too broad or too narrow, strategy stays out of view. Drawing on recent developments in strategy-as-practice and decision-making literature, we propose a model that executives can follow to take control of strategy meetings and keep their teams on track. We ask them to focus on the right decision purpose, adjust the meeting's communication style, and cast the right leader for the job. When these three simple rules are followed, the pillars of successful dialogue are aligned, and executives can finally talk about what matters most to them: strategy.

In January 2017, the owner of Exotic Caribbean Mountain Pride Ltd., based in Trinidad and Tobago, was trying to decide on a strategy to ensure the continued growth of her business in the face of increased competition from other local manufacturers. She wondered whether the timing was right to expand operations and enter the export market. The growing demand for her chocolate products also made her question whether she should increase her prices. The entry of her two daughters into the family business further complicated her decision-making. She wanted them to become more involved in running the business, but she was having difficulty adopting a less active role in the business.

In 2017, Macy's Inc. (Macy's), one of the world's largest and oldest premier department stores, announced it would close 100 stores and make other significant strategic changes to try to return the brand to its former glory. Macy's sales had fallen for eight straight quarters, causing investors to fear that the company was continuing to lose market share. The firm had been pursuing an aggressive strategy to optimize all facets of its business, but had its chief executive officer addressed all of the company's challenges in an optimal way? The department store industry was still experiencing an overall decline, and competition from online companies and off-price retailers was particularly severe. Could Macy's overcome these obstacles, refocus its strategy, and turn itself around?

The case discusses the globalization of fashion and the trajectory of Fashion Forward Dubai. Since its inception in 2013, FFWD had striven to offer an alternative to traditional fashion weeks by showcasing collections of local designers to fashion buyers, journalists and customers on the catwalk and on internet. Over 15,000 attendees came to the show and more than 100,000 followed it online. In 2018, FFWD's co-founder, Ramzi Nakad, has to decide whether to continue the B2B+B2C event showcasing emerging brands in Dubai Design District, or create a digital fashion platform to sell direct-to-customers and give brands instant international exposure and access to e-commerce without the high costs of runway shows. The case asks to what extent the global fashion industry is ripe for digital disruption.

Customers are gaga for Wawa, the restaurant / convenience store / gas station that inspires people to tattoo the firm's logo. Founded in 1803, Wawa morphed over time from an iron foundry to a textile mill, to a dairy farm, dairy delivery business, grocery store, then convenience store. Dark clouds descended with the 2008 financial crisis. As competitors converged on Wawa, management recognized the need for a new direction. After the CEO asked his executives to review a selection of business books, they chose Blue Ocean Strategy to redefine industry boundaries, shifting away from the red ocean of competition to a blue ocean of differentiation and low cost. By 2017 Wawa was the 34th largest private company in the US, with 625 million customers and sales of $10.5 billion. Wawa serves 222 million cups of coffee a year and 105 million hoagie sandwiches. Where the average 7-Eleven convenience store grosses $30,000-$35,000 per week, Wawa averages $116,000. It used Blue Ocean Shift to achieve breakout success and thrive for a decade after its strategic pivot. The case comes with a teaching note and firsthand video interview of Howard Stoeckel, Vice Chairman and former CEO of Wawa. The video can be downloaded from <a href=""https://www.blueoceanstrategy.com/teaching-materials/wawa/""target='_new'> https://www.blueoceanstrategy.com/teaching-materials/wawa/</a><br> It is also available in Chinese.

This highly engaging strategy formulation exercise allows participant to unlock their creativity through the systematic five-step process of blue ocean shift. We reverse the learning process of case method by combining it with a group exercise. Participants will formulate their own market-creating strategy first by actively applying the concept, framework, and process of blue ocean shift to one of the most competitive industries - the travel industry. Then, they will be introduced to a real-life case that challenged the travel industry's long existing assumptions and successfully opened new market space. In analyzing the case, a three-part video series walks participants through the same blue ocean shift process applied in their group exercise, which will reinforce their learnings from the exercise and enhance the understanding of the case.This case is excellent for running a half-day or one-day workshop on creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship.The case comes with a teaching note, lecture slides, worksheets, a one-page summary and a three-part movie based on first-hand research and face-to-face interview with the CEO of a Korean company who created a blue ocean in the travel industry. The teaching material can be downloaded from https://www.blueoceanstrategy.com/teaching-materials/blue-ocean-shift-exercise/ The case is also available in Chinese and Korean.

The case describes Operation "Lava Jato" (Car Wash) in Brazil, one of largest anti-corruption investigations in the world. Operation Car Wash brought to light the shady relationships between government contractors, political campaign agencies and high-profile politicians in what were known as 'pay-for-play' schemes - bribes and campaign contributions paid by major corporations to government officials and political parties in exchange for lucrative government contracts which were over-invoiced to 'cover the costs'. By March 2018, 123 defendants had been convicted (their cumulative prison sentences amounting to 1,861 years), many from the highest echelons of government and business.

Student spreadsheet for case W17268.

The AirAsia India 2017 (AAI) case presents the situation faced by Tony Fernandes, the CEO of the AirAsia group of companies, in 2017, when he had to respond to the changes in aviation policy made by the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MCA). As per the changes, an airline operating in India could start its international operations without having five years of domestic flying experience provided it deployed 20 of its aircraft or 20% of the total capacity, whichever was higher, for domestic operations. The objective of this case is to help discuss issues relating to sustaining late entry and exploring new growth opportunities in the context of regulatory changes.

This case is used in Darden's required first-year course, "Strategic Thinking and Action." In 2015, Steve and Heidi Crandall, the founders of Devils Backbone Brewing, LLC (DBB), were looking back on eight years of unanticipated success and significant growth. DBB had created a destination, a brand, and beer that drew people from all over, and it was the largest craft brewery in its region. The entire community, not just loyal beer drinkers, had supported DBB. In addition to funding and zoning accommodations, so many local residents had built their own economic lives around what had been their "little brewery that could." But the success had brought challenges, specifically in terms of growth. DBB was consistently not meeting demand in its existing markets and was receiving complaints about out-of-stocks. The Crandalls and their team had to figure out how to grow with, or preferably ahead of, demand for DBB's product. Should DBB build further capacity despite an already exhausted line of credit? Should it employ a contract brewer despite the local authenticity concerns such a move might stir up? Or should it just keep trying to manage business within its existing footprint, comfortably serving its loyal customer base?

Student spreadsheet for case UV8072.

An academic research group, providing services to medical device companies, had studied most of the new materials on the market and under development. They found a new approach for solving known issues related to the mending of damaged living tissue. The lab head and the research group leader knew this would be an opportunity to help a lot of patients and decided to patent the invention. Initial private investment in exchange for 50% IP rights allowed preclinical evaluation. Initial talks with large medical device companies indicated there was interest, but they needed clinical proof first. In collaboration with the University's TTO (technology transfer office), a start-up business plan was devised and venture capital (VC) funding was obtained, which allowed the new technology to get through the first clinical assessment. Dr. Gérard Bouchier, Research Group Leader, December 2008. Spirits were high that 15th of December morning. Gathering for coffee, the team went through their company presentation a last time. All hopes were set upon the meticulously planned VC syndicate meeting that could finally mean a step forward in starting up their medical device company. Having spent the last two years preparing the case, Gérard knew he was prepared. Unfortunately, despite the excellent reception of the case and the positive spirit around the table, none of the VC funds wanted to take the lead. Worse, about two weeks later the Great Financial Crisis hit the region and all funds pulled out of the discussion. What now? learning objective: 1/ How to set up and secure a motivated team of managers. 2/ How to organize the fund raising at an initial stage of development of a company, how to execute a strategic initiative, how to set the course and schedule the right resources, how to quickly adapt strategies in relation to changing environments. 3/ Applying leadership concepts and in particular organizational dynamics.

This case is set in mid-2019, when Qualcomm was struggling with unwanted take-over battles, fights with Apple and the Chinese government, and internal dissension on the board of directors. Ten years earlier Qualcomm was hailed as a monopoly on CDMA technologies and its derivatives, it appeared to be positioned to become the next dominant technology company in the tradition of Microsoft and Intel. But as the industry changed, Qualcomm's competitive position seriously weakened. The purpose of the case is to explore central questions in strategy formulation: 1. how to build a long-term sustainable position based on technology; 2. how to design an IP strategy to lock-in customers for the long-run; 3. how to build a global standard and appropriate returns on that standard; and 4. how to respond when your historical business model starts to crumble.

By early 2018, voice-controlled intelligent assistants had become a major new front in the battle between the giants of the technology sector. "Voice War" focuses on Alphabet's strategy for Google Assistant, its entrant in the voice assistant space, and asks how the voice assistant should fit in with Alphabet's larger portfolio of products and services. While the mobile phone was the major platform for Google Assistant, Alphabet had recently introduced a range of smart home speakers to challenge first-mover Amazon's Echo of devices, which were powered by its intelligent assistant, Alexa. Google also faced competition from Apple, whose intelligent assistant Siri had long been a staple of its mobile devices, but which introduced a smart home speaker in early 2018. Other competitors included Microsoft and Samsung, along with Chinese players Tencent, Alibaba, and Xiaomi.

When Luca Garavoglia became chairman of the Campari Group at the age of 23 following the death of his father, he immediately adopted a strategy of fast growth through acquisitions. Over the next 24 years, Campari acquired 26 companies, spending over €3 billion and establishing its own distribution network in 20 countries. This two-part case series describes how Campari transformed from a single-brand local Italian company to an important player in the global spirits industry with over 50 premium brands distributed in over 190 countries. CASE A follows Campari on its journey from 1994 to 2018, providing an overview of its history, business strategy, market place, trends and competitive landscape. learning objective: The case describes the successful transformation and survival of Campari as a small player among "giants" in a niche sector of the spirits industry. It can be used for class discussion on different business and social topics, such as: 1)Business strategy (SWOT, Porter's 5-forces); 2) Globalization (from local to global); 3) Growth through M&As (value creation, synergies); 4) Family-owned businesses (conflict of interest, strategic fit); 5) Marketing strategy (market trends, ethical role of marketeers).

At the age of 23, Luca Garavoglia became chairman of the Campari Group following the sudden death of his father two years earlier in 1992. From the start, Luca adopted a strategy of fast growth through acquisitions and over the next 24 years, Campari acquired 26 other companies, spending a total of over €3 billion and establishing its own distribution network in 20 countries. This two-part case series describes how Campari transformed from a single-brand local Italian company to an important player in the global spirits industry with over 50 premium brands distributed in over 190 countries around the world. CASE B starts with the announcement of a friendly tender offer by Campari for Grand Marnier in March 2016. This was the largest acquisition in the 156 years of Campari's existence and also one of its most complex ones. It took Campari over 18 months to arrive at this point and it had to wait another month to find out how this offer would be received by the shareholders of Grand Marnier and Campari. Calculating the offer price was Campari's biggest challenge. With no business plan, and no equity research financial forecasts available, it had to make its own projections based on its business knowledge of the spirits industry.

The case narrates the evolution of the Alibaba Group, starting with Alibaba.com in 1999, in four different phases, with the last phase beginning after its IPO in 2014. The evolution is described from a social sustainability perspective, highlighting Alibaba's initial efforts to help small businesses in China access the world markets and later, its focus on facilitating e-commerce led entrepreneurship in rural parts of China. Not surprisingly, Alibaba Group's evolution coincided with China's economic growth, as the e-commerce platforms have significantly contributed to the growth of businesses and consumerism in China. Specifically, the development of e-commerce ecosystem by Alibaba Group, created a platform where not only retail businesses, but also allied third party service providers could emerge and grow. After its IPO in 2014, Jack Ma, Alibaba Group's chairman, explicitly defined "E-commerce in rural areas" as one of the three strategic directions going forward. The case discusses in detail the two rural initiatives "Taobao Villages" and "Rural Taobao" that the Alibaba group pursued as part of its rural strategy. It is estimated that the e-commerce of Taobao villages created more than 840,000 direct job opportunities and rural Taobao reached 202 counties in 22 provinces and established 9,278 village-level service stations by August 2016. The case also provides a brief overview of the ecommerce industry in India and ends with the questions: if there is a way for e-commerce players to provide socially sustainable business opportunities for the Indian rural population and how Alibaba should plan its entry and growth in the Indian market.

Grameen Koota (GK) is a micro finance institution (MFI) that offers several socially focused loans for poor and low income households. Its collateral-free loans and other services are targeted at women from poor and low-income households to improve their economic opportunities for inclusive development. Udaya, CEO had set GK on a strong foundation for growth after a period of consolidation and was planning to accelerate growth. GK was growing at 2x but needed to grow at 4x. CEO was facing a dilemma as to whether GK should set up new branches and increase the customer base for lending operations or mine their existing branches. GK had started expanding beyond South and Western India by setting up operations in Central India. The case describes the strategies adopted by GK to consolidate and grow. It raises potential issues and opportunities including transitioning from microfinance to broader financial services, growing through rapid acquisition and expansion of customer base as well as lending operations. Should they retain borrowers merely as customers of a commercial, financial service or aim to make these poor borrowers financially self-reliant? The case also highlights the strategic options for GK to achieve its 2020 aspirations.

Russian River Brewing Company's [RRBC] owners and founders, Vinnie and Natalie Cilurzo, grew their business into one of the largest craft breweries in Sonoma County, California, from 2003 to 2016. RRBC's success surpassed the Cilurzos' initial expectations, as they were able to increase production fourfold and RRBC became one of the top five craft beer producers in the region. RRBC won multiple awards for the quality of its beers, in particular for the seasonally produced and allocated cult brand, Pliny the Younger. By 2015, the Cilurzos had paid off all outstanding debt and purchased 100 percent of the firm's equity using internally generated cash flows. However, RRBC's production and consumer retail infrastructure were insufficient to meet spikes in consumer demand. For over a decade, the Cilurzos largely dismissed the idea of expanding, but in spring 2016, discussions between the couple about investing in a second brewpub to expand production got more serious. As the Cilurzos analyzed RRBC's internal and external environment, they searched for ways to find consensus regarding expansion.