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Unfortunately, when decisions are framed this way, the authors contend, the outcome is frequently suboptimal. An effective way to work against this, they say, is to make better use of the classic decision matrix, which allows for the comparison of different options using the same set of predefined criteria. The authors argue that the decision matrix isn't just an evaluation tool but also a process tool that can help executives extend their decision frame beyond the obvious options and criteria and help them think "out of the box." According to the authors, the decision matrix can be useful at key stages in the decision-making process to (1) frame decisions, (2) make concrete choices, and (3) communicate solutions. It allows leaders to identify potential gaps and logical flaws in their reasoning, facilitate dialogue in the executive team, and build support and buy-in in the wider organization. To expand the decision frame in a systematic way, the authors note, executives should understand two concepts: mental buckets and golden cuts. Mental buckets are vehicles for clustering similar ideas into related yet distinct categories. While brainstorming is a common way for teams to generate lots of ideas, ideas need to be organized at some point. Categorizing them into mental buckets helps people spot gaps and overlaps -in terms of both options and criteria. The cognitive act of creating new mental buckets serves to stimulate creativity.

Significant leaps are rare occurrences in most domains, the authors note, and the accepted wisdom involving risk and return has led many to assume that high returns from breakthrough innovations are only attainable with high risk. However, the authors have found that important opportunities can arise when the focus is placed not only on the investment but also on how it is pursued. Rather than looking at so-called "moonshots,"they examine a proactive and comparatively less risky approach to pursuing high-impact innovation -one that strings together "lily pads"of capability-building investments, technical and conceptual advances, and market explorations into what the authors call "enabling innovations." With the lily pad strategy, innovators pursue a series of lower-risk initiatives, rather than risking large amounts of resources on one path. To do this, they must link the current capabilities of their solutions, whether in parts or as a whole, to end-user needs in application spaces ready to accept them. The goal isn't to satisfy a specific end-user or application (although innovators typically do have a long-term target end-user or application in mind). Rather, it's to satisfy any end-user who will adopt now. The reason is simple: Adoption leads to resources and/or cash flow, which allows the work to continue and creates a "lily pad"on which the innovation initiative can "land"on its way to a larger goal. The idea is to jump across lily pads -even in spaces that may seem of secondary strategic importance -as early as possible as a means of building interest in the concept (internally and externally). Drawing on examples such as the development of X-ray and GPS technology, mobile robots, crowdsourcing, and microlending, the authors argue that it's useful to think about innovation impact proactively along four dimensions: reach, significance, paradigm change, and longevity.

Lumiscape, a manufacturer of high-tech streetlights, has recently decided to switch from a direct sale business model to a subscription service, in which customers would get installation, maintenance, and monitoring software bundled with the product. Part of the reasoning is that customers haven't been extracting all the potential value in their streetlights. Now a customer wants to hugely increase its order--but through a direct sale. With commentary by Scott Burns, of GovDelivery, and Jack Kutner, of Bigbelly.

Lumiscape, a manufacturer of high-tech streetlights, has recently decided to switch from a direct sale business model to a subscription service, in which customers would get installation, maintenance, and monitoring software bundled with the product. Part of the reasoning is that customers haven't been extracting all the potential value in their streetlights. Now a customer wants to hugely increase its order--but through a direct sale. With commentary by Scott Burns, of GovDelivery, and Jack Kutner, of Bigbelly.

Lumiscape, a manufacturer of high-tech streetlights, has recently decided to switch from a direct sale business model to a subscription service, in which customers would get installation, maintenance, and monitoring software bundled with the product. Part of the reasoning is that customers haven't been extracting all the potential value in their streetlights. Now a customer wants to hugely increase its order--but through a direct sale. With commentary by Scott Burns, of GovDelivery, and Jack Kutner, of Bigbelly.

Nearly all environmental organizations have a similar aim: to stop the degradation of the natural environment. However, the strategies which environmental organizations choose to employ are sometimes starkly different. This case compares the models of two dissimilar environmental powerhouses: Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Active in 100 countries, WWF works with governments, businesses, other NGOs, and communities to set up conservation programs to preserve natural habitat. In contrast, Greenpeace works to campaign for environmental change against governments and corporations and accepts funding only through individuals and foundation grants. Explores the detailed history and business models of both organizations.

In March 2016, Donna Dubinsky (co-founder and CEO) and Jeff Hawkins (co-founder) were struggling with a key question: could Numenta be successful in both creating fundamental technology and building a commercial business? Located in Redwood City, CA, Numenta was founded in 2005 to expand Hawkins' research on the human brain, with the goal of "reverse engineering the neocortex" and then creating machines based on biological principals. Ultimately, Hawkins believed that Numenta could be a catalyst in creating intelligent machines that would lay the foundation for the next generation of computing with potentially broad ranging commercial opportunities.

Me to We was a Canadian social enterprise created in 2008 to provide a stable source of funds to finance Free the Children, a non-profit organization that partnered with villages in Latin America, Africa, and Asia to provide clean water, sanitation, health care, food security, and alternative income in exchange for the commitment that all village children would attend school. The ultimate aim was to reduce child labour and exploitation, which was rooted in families who were living in poverty and unable to support themselves. In 2015, as Me to We continued to grow, the co-founders realized that its product portfolio could benefit from items that would increase the frequency of the organization's contact and interactions with customers. Should Me to We move towards the fast consumables market to reach as many people as possible?

In 2014 WMS Gaming, a manufacturer and seller of slot machines to casinos, was considering a redesign of its existing revenue model. As technology evolved and customer demand for gaming solutions intensified, new and innovative revenue models were being adopted in other technology markets. Most notably, the subscription revenue model, in which customers paid a monthly subscription fee rather than a large upfront fee, was becoming widely adopted in the software industry. Product manager Dayna Stone had the task of evaluating several revenue models and recommending one that most suited WMS's business needs and at the same time took customer needs and wishes into consideration. Complicating this decision were several factors that would have to be kept in mind. Americans' love of gaming had led to a mushrooming of casinos, which meant increased competition for casino dollars. Yet the financial crisis of 2008 and its aftermath had weakened demand for casinos. In addition, casinos, depending on the type of customers they attracted, differed in their appetite for innovation and maintenance of their slot machines. Students will step into the shoes of Dayna Stone as she undertakes the task of weighing these factors and selecting the right revenue model.

Supplement to case IMD848. This two-part case series is set in India and examines the challenges encountered by a leading Indian pharmaceutical company, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (DRL), following its strategic decision to create Indura - a business unit dedicated to the rural market. In recent years, the strategic direction set by the new CEO and his "Health for All" vision has shifted the company's attention to its domestic market and the rural areas of the country. The case focuses on the implementation hurdles of such a vision and invites business executives to explore the role of strategy in building ecosystems that are essential for successful strategy implementation. Case A sets the scene by describing the business model of pharmaceutical companies in India and the rationale behind DRL's decision to pursue an alternative growth avenue. It presents the Indura project, which takes the company to rural markets. Given its large size and growth potential, rural India seems to offer a fascinating opportunity to DRL. The case highlights the unique obstacles Indura faced in its effort to access rural customers and concludes by putting the spotlight on the sustainability question: Can DRL translate its "Health for All" vision into a sustainable business model? Case B is a brief follow-on case that presents key actions taken by DRL's management during the period 2013-2015. Alok Sonig, the newly appointed leader of the India business, together with his direct report Rajaram Bagayatkar, changed the name of the unit to Pride and adopted a new plan of action, which focused on motivating the sales force. While this addressed most of the challenges, some issues remained. Case B invites participants to go beyond DRL management's actions and explore possible ways to leverage technology and social media and innovative approaches to address both the access and talent challenges.

In 2013, a team led by Gopalan Sunderraman, vice president of corporate development at Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd.-one of the companies owned by Godrej Group, a large Indian conglomerate-was preparing to launch an innovative low-cost refrigerator. Developed expressly for the approximately 80% of Indians who lacked access to refrigeration (a market Godrej had never before targeted), the chotuKool represented a technological marvel-a small, inexpensive thermoelectric appliance powered by a rechargeable battery. The case traces chotuKool's development and evolution from an initial product concept inspired by theories of innovation and the strategic vision of Jamshyd Godrej (managing director and chairman at Godrej & Boyce Mfg.) to a promising new line of business that emerged from a process of learning and discovery through market feedback. As the company geared up for the broader rollout of chotuKool, Sunderraman and his team faced some tough questions. What was the proper target and scope for the launch? Which strategy gave them the best chance of success? Could chotuKool really redefine the company and bring refrigeration to hundreds of millions of Indians?

The case presents data from 70,340 spins of four roulette wheels: three of which are real ("imperfect") and one of which is simulated ("perfect"). The challenge posed is to identify which of the four is the simulated wheel. After weeks spent recording spin results at their local casino, the members of the Pelayo family think they have identified three imperfect wheels. Before they start betting, they want to be certain that the three wheels they identified as imperfect are easily distinguishable from a theoretically perfect wheel. This case has been used successfully in Darden's MBA elective about data analysis. That course introduced pivot tables and the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test using the case "The Roulette Wheel." Discussion of "The Pelayo Family Plays Roulette" probably will not require an entire class period. One option would be to hand out the case during the discussion of "The Roulette Wheel" as something of a follow-on.

Student spreadsheet for case UV7153.