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A substantial number of local companies in emerging markets have managed to hold their own--or better--in the face of competition from global Goliaths. Bhattacharya and Michael of the Boston Consulting Group show how these domestic Davids have achieved that impressive feat. The secret is to adopt most, if not all, elements of a six-part strategy. One, the homegrown winners customize products and services to meet local needs and initially go after economies of scope. Two, they develop business models to overcome market-specific obstacles and gain competitive advantage in the process. Three, they create or buy the latest technologies and use them effectively. Four, they find ways to benefit from low-cost labor and train workers in-house to overcome shortages of skilled employees. Five, they scale quickly by going national before regional rivals can challenge them. Six, they invest in top management talent in order to sustain rapid growth. No element on its own is groundbreaking, but in the aggregate the strategy is a potent one, as the authors illustrate with the story of Ctrip, China's largest online travel agent. Successful as homegrown champions have been--and this article identifies 50 of them--a few multinationals, such as Yum Brands, Nokia, and Hyundai, have managed to beat the locals at their own game by using the six-part strategy. Global companies would do well to study these models of achievement and, armed with acquired wisdom, rethink their own strategies before local rivals shut them out of lucrative emerging markets.

In January 2007, three decades after its incorporation, Apple Computer shed the second word in its name and became Apple Inc. With that move, the company signaled a fundamental shift away from its historic status as a vendor of the Macintosh personal computer (PC) line. Mac sales remained vital to Apple's future, but they now accounted for less than half of its total revenue. The company's line of iPod media players, its iTunes online content store and its newly launched iPhone mobile handset business made up increasingly large shares of its operations. In early 2008, on the strength of sky-rocketing sales in those areas and by resurgent sales of Macintosh products, Apple's revenues and its stock price reached record levels. The case explores the sustainability of Apple's current business model, one that positioned the company simultaneously in the PC industry and the consumer electronics industry. While Apple enjoyed a high market share in digital media players and in online music sales, it remained a niche player in the worldwide PC industry. The case examines the history of Apple's strategic moves under the leadership of CEOs Jobs, Sculley, Spindler, Amelio, and (again) Jobs; places those moves in the context of structural features of the evolving PC industry; and covers the iPod and iPhone businesses at considerable length.

Spreadsheet supplement for case 708-480.

As B.S. Nagesh thumbed through the 2006-2007 Annual Report for Shoppers' Stop Group (SSG), action shots of healthy-looking people dressed in the latest fashions amid the words "Redefining Retail" brought a smile to his face. As managing director of SSG -- a Rs 8.9 billion ($206 million) company in 2007 which included 23 department stores and a new hypermarket -- Nagesh was proud of the way the company had taken retail from its roots in simple transactions to a complete "experience" defined by the luxurious ambiance, food, events and educated staff in SSG's retail outlets throughout India. The company's success led to an initial public offering in May 2005. SSG's parent company, the K. Raheja Corporation, and its affiliated companies held 66% of SSG's Shares.

This case tackles the topic of global talent management. It can be used to analyze the performance measurement, incentive, and talent development system used at a major multinational company. This case can also be used to analyze the extent to which this system should or should not be adapted for China and other emerging economies.

This case on the globalization of East Asian pop music is useful for teaching concepts of regional business strategy and also of cultural arbitrage. Music companies in the case must examine why certain markets are clearly more profitable than others. They must also decide whether to expand internationally with a regional focus on East Asia or, alternatively, a focus on the U.S. and other Western markets.

Interlaken Village in Shenzhen, China, is an exact replica of the Swiss village of Interlaken, which is part of OCT East, a US$450 million investment in the thriving Pearl River Delta. This is a management strategy case for students to think outside the box about business strategies. In standard competitive strategy literature, firms should avoid being imitated or imitating others in order to gain unique competitive advantages. This case, however, examines whether copying can be a sustainable source of competitive advantage.

Between 1985 and 2007, Danaher has been one of the best-performing industrial conglomerates in the U.S. This case examines the corporate strategy of this diversified, global corporation. It describes the firm's portfolio strategy and the Danaher Business System-a systematic and wide-ranging set of organizational processes the firm has developed to drive growth and create value. In 2008, the firm confronts various challenges in sustaining its impressive historical performance. First, can it continue to balance organic and acquisition-led growth? Second, what will be the impact of increased competition from private equity players? Third, for how long can its strategy of "continuous improvement" continue?

Lean has been defined as the "relentless pursuit of the elimination of waste." This technical note provides a glossary of terms concerning Lean implementation, including muda, muri, nura, kanban, andon board, SMED, poka-yoke, 5S, gemba, takt time, heijunka, and kaizen.

The emergence of the MP3 file-based music format not only disrupted the market for portable audio players, it also had a huge impact on the business models of major record labels. Modularity, and the commoditization spill-over enabled by modularity in the personal computer industry, was a major force in the development of the market. While Apple's iPod today holds the dominant market position, new forces of commoditization continue to drive shifts in the value chain. The case examines the commoditization cycle and contrasts integrated solutions such as the iPod-iTunes software-iTunes Music Store with emerging competition from other MP3 players and the Amazon.com Music Store.

Spreadsheet Supplement for [795-165].

Microsoft considers alternatives to expand its presence in online advertising, especially text-based pay-per-click advertising. Google dominates, and it is unclear how Microsoft can grow, despite considerable technical and financial resources. Microsoft considers a set of alternatives, each with clear benefits but also serious challenges.

Through stalled joint venture talks between Pennsylvania-based Wyoff Corp. and Jina-based China-LuQuan, strategic and cross-cultural negotiation challenges are explored both from American and Chinese perspectives. Wyoff, a leading US chemical company has been seeking ways to secure the company's foothold in China's emerging market since the late 90s. When approached by China-LuQuan in 2000, a major Chinese state-owned chemical producer for a joint-venture opportunity to make a popular chemical catalyst in China, Wyoff, Leveraging its superior technology, demanded one-sided terms and played hardball, ruining both the deal and the relationship with China-LuQuan. Seven years later in 2007, Wyoff faced market pressure to again seek a joint venture with China-LuQuan on two other types of products. Both parties had to overcome past distrust to work things out on a series of strategic issues: investment, product slate, marketing, technology, management, organization, staffing, etc. In the negotiations, cross-cultural themes (e.g. trust, relationships, communication, time, autonomy, face, etc.) and different negotiation styles created challenges along with the business and strategic issues. The (A) case sets up the negotiations, highlights issue impasses, explores cross-cultural frictions, and poses tactical challenges. The (B) case describes the strategies, tactics, and results of these negotiations.

Glass Egg is an outsource games development firm in Vietnam. They are able to offer brand-name publishers -- Microsoft EA,Atari -- significant cost savings in the development of art assets for their video games. However, the firm's management find themselves at a point at which they feel they need to make a strategic decision that will enable Glass Egg to grow more substantially and more quickly. They are evaluating three possible directions including expanding the sales force, expanding the scope of art development services they offer and, more radically, going into the games publishing business themselves. Besides offering a picture of an interesting firm in a growing, dynamic country and business, the case allows for an exploration of two important general themes: 1.) Assessing alternative growth strategies. When should one pursue "more of the same" business vs. offering another product vs. looking for new customers? When is it better to develop an entirely different line of business with different customers and different products? (2) What are the differences between marketing to businesses vs. marketing to consumers? Since one of the options the firm is considering involves a consumer product -- online game development -- the case supports a discussion about the important differences, not only in terms of the nature of the buying process and buying center but also in terms of the vastly different organizational resources and structures that are needed in each.

LG Chemical had entered into China's market for ABS, a common plastic, through their subsidiary LG Yong Xing ("LGYX"). From its foundation in 1996, LGYX had targeted Chinese manufacturers who served the domestic market and made just one type of low grade ABS. By the end of 2006, LGYX was the largest company in the Chinese ABS market, boasting a 27% market share and sales of US$709 million annually. However, the market for ABS was changing. With exports by Chinese manufacturers growing, demand was shifting to higher grades of ABS. Moreover, LGYX was facing competitive pressure from both local producers as well as producers in the Middle East. Should LGYX stick to its current product mix? Management decided that it must critically review the subsidiary's strategy over the previous ten years in order not to be entrapped in rigid group thinking

This note defines the concepts of business model and the value loop. It also introduces business model representations and proposes four tests for evaluating business models in isolation. This is the first note in a series of three written for the HBS elective course "Competing through Business Models."

In 2007, Allstate was the number two property and casualty insurer in the USA, and had enjoyed five years of rapid profit improvement. The question facing CEO Thomas J. Wilson was how to maintain the momentum. This case tracks the evolution of Allstate's strategy over 20 years, examining the logic behind the strategic changes, and the challenges of implementing them. It identifies sources of inertia from within the organization and from without, and summarizes the strategic issues facing Allstate in early 2007.

The J&J Electrical Contractors case is an example of a small regional family business that has found a way to compete against the larger and more comprehensive electrical contractors in the industry and be successful. The company is currently run by a husband-and-wife team, John and Jean Abernathy, with John serving as CEO and Jean as CFO. The Abernathys took the company to 2005 revenues of $5.22 million, a growth of 75.2% over revenues of $2.98 million in 2001. However, despite increasing revenues, profit margins have eroded over the past four years. The case describes the electrical-contracting industry, the type of work done by the firms in the industry and the forces acting in the industry such as the high cost of homes, especially in Southern California, increasing the demand for remodeling and the continued increases in energy costs and metal prices, many of which are critical in performing electrical contracting work. The case ends with the need for the Abernathys to improve the company's deteriorating profitability and a number of possible future directions the company could take to accomplish that. The case has benefited from extensive interviews and complete access to the company and its principals. Several excerpts from interviews with them give a good account of what it's like managing a small growing company. The case will challenge students to integrate industry and competitive dynamics with regulatory and market demands to devise a set of worthy strategic alternatives to help revive J&J's flagging profitability.