個案總覽

Describes the economics, technology, and politics of the oil sands industry, focusing on one of the industry's leading firms. Oil sands deposits in Alberta represent a potentially vast reserve of hydrocarbons, but the extraction, refining, and transportation challenges are formidable, and the environmental consequences of large-scare oil sands development potentially severe. Encourages students to examine Suncor's strategic positioning and cost structure, and the challenges that the firm's leaders confront as of 2007.

Since the first Carrefour outlet opens in China in 1995, the company makes outstanding achievements in the Chinese retailing market. In 1999, it is ranked as the third largest Chinese retailer and second in the franchising sector. By 2000, its sales in China has exceeded US$0.99 billion and by 2004, the number of outlets has reached 62, representing a 51.2% increase from the previous year and nearly equivalent to the total outlets of two other large, global retailers combined-Wal-Mart (43 outlets) and Metro (23 outlets). Recently, however, local retailers have become more competitive and other global retailers have also started to strengthen their presence in China. Moreover, retailers have begun to move inland and into second-tier cities where Carrefour lacks presence. Faced with such challenges, will Carrefour be able to maintain its past glory in China?

This case presents students with an opportunity to develop an action plan for an executive education client program needs analysis. Evergreen Executive Education LLC (EEEL) has just landed a large, new corporate client. The case presents some basic background information pertaining to the client company and their general program needs. Students are expected to create a learning needs analysis plan by merging that background information with their own focused thinking pertaining to how best to uncover and make actionable a corporate learning agenda. The plan should be robust and focused enough to ensure that the insights emerging from its execution will serve as the key inputs in developing a detailed program design. Students are not asked to develop a management education program design.

Deals with the hands-on management of a difficult situation facing the subsidiary of a multinational corporation (Tetra Pak) in a developing country (Argentina). The situation arises from a major economic, social, and institutional breakdown that jeopardizes the subsidiary's existence. Argentina defaulted on it sovereign debt and devalued the peso by over 200%, but it differentiated the treatment of the FX rate to be applied to various transactions, depending on the jurisdiction of creditors and debtors. Local dollar-denominated credits and liabilities were converted on a 1:1.40 ratio, while obligations held with foreign entities continued to be enforceable at the new rate of 1:3. The crisis led to the impoverishment of a large portion of the Argentine population, and to an institutional breakdown where the rule of law was shattered in the country, thus posing challenges not just related to the current situation, but also to the future of the operation. The crisis bore consequences for Tetra Pak Argentina on both ends of its value chain, involving suppliers and customers. Tetra Pak focuses its growth on developing nations where it feels there is room for a valuable business, and it attains leading market positions. Shows how the foreign firm must cope with difficult domestic situations, where the levers of control are beyond its reach. The existence of value after the crisis turns out to be a relevant consideration.

China's oil industry, with majority ownership vested in the government, had engaged in an "equity oil" strategy for the past few years--acquiring equity interests in oil producing nations including Sudan, Angola, and Iran. Outside critics, however, suggested that the Chinese companies could buy oil in the highly fungible global marketplace. But Sinopec, the nations largest refiner, was one of the three companies (together with PetroChina and CNOOC) engaged in the equity oil play. With China's energy demands swelling--especially petroleum of which it had limited reserves--Sinopec was struggling to increase output rapidly enough to keep pace with the rapid growth of their automobile sector. And it had to make money soon.

In 2007, Bunge, an agribusiness company, had over $26 billion in worldwide sales and was considered, along with Cargill and Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), one of three very integrated worldwide agribusiness companies. Headquartered in White Plains, NY, the company has traditionally possessed a strong presence in Brazil. Describes Bunge's tradeoff between efficiency of global operations and local responsiveness in an uncertain business environment. New world developments were effecting Bunge directly: high oil prices, a growing demand in emerging economies like China and India, and the possibility of agribusiness companies competing successfully in the production of biofuels. Bunge had traditionally followed an organizational model that was integrated but decentralized, trying to strike a balance between the efficiency of a global entity and the speed of local businesses. What would be the best strategy for Bunge to respond to the external changes imposed by high energy prices and increasing demand from emerging economies? How aggressively should Bunge invest in the rising biofuels markets?

The Delphi technique involves recruiting panels of experts from a variety of fields and asking them to iteratively evaluate predictions about the future of, say, an emerging innovation until they reach consensus. Shaping the strongest predictions into several possible scenarios prepares managers to act quickly when one begins to unfold.

Chris Van Dyke, the CEO of the outdoor apparel start-up Nau, offers some intriguing ideas about how to engage a generation of customers who are comfortable shopping online and eager to enter into a dialogue with the companies they buy from.

A critical new battleground is emerging in China: It's the "good-enough" market segment--home of reliable-enough products at low-enough prices to attract the cream of the country's fast-growing cohort of mid-level consumers. Traditionally, foreign multinationals have dominated China's premium segment, while a plethora of domestic companies have served the low end, often unprofitably. But as middle-class buying power increases, and the tolerance for high markups at the top end wanes, the middle market is growing quickly. Thriving in a market so big is clearly important in itself. But, argue Bain chairman Gadiesh and Bain partners Leung and Vestring, competition in this particular arena has more far-reaching implications. Companies that flourish in China's middle market today are learning valuable lessons they need to compete worldwide: multinationals are discovering how to focus products downscale to break out of the premium tier, and domestic firms are building scale and marketing expertise to move up. Both are positioning themselves to export their China offerings to other large emerging markets such as India and Brazil--and, after that, to the developed markets. Ultimately, the authors warn, the good-enough space, where multinationals and Chinese firms are going head-to-head, is the one from which the world's leading companies will emerge. The authors describe three strategies for entering and prevailing in this strategically vital space. Multinationals can attack domestic players from above, Chinese firms operating in the low end can burrow up from below, and both can acquire their way into it. The experiences of such players as Colgate-Palmolive, GM, GE, Huawei Technologies, Haier, and Ningbo Bird show how challenging it is to gain a foothold in the middle market but also how much potential there is to use it as a springboard for global expansion.

The term 'success' means many things to many people, say the authors, but their conversations with over 200 individuals who have made a difference in their fields taught them that success in the long run has less to do with finding the best idea or business model than it does with discovering what matters to us as individuals. Extraordinary people, teams and organizations are simply ordinary people doing extraordinary things that matter to them, they say. Your co-workers or competitors who love their work will try harder, move faster, and contribute more than people who only do things for a paycheck. The authors explain why in this excerpt from their book, Success Built to Last: Creating a Life That Matters (Wharton School Publishing, 2006).

The typical approach to reducing dishonesty - increasing the probability of being caught or the magnitude of punishment - isn't very effective. The authors argue that a psychologically-focused approach may be more effective. Whereas the standard economic perspective considers one cause for dishonesty - external reward mechanisms - and thus emphasizes the probability of being caught and the magnitude of punishment as the sole ways to overcome it, the authors uncover three other causes: they not only examine dishonest behavior caused by external rewards, but dishonest behavior caused by a lack of internalized social norms, by a lack of self-awareness, and by self-deception.

Integrative thinkers like Jack Welch, A.G. Lafley and Michael Dell share some common traits, which is good news for those who aspire to attain their level of decision-making prowess. Thes traits they share relate to three elements of their personal knowledge systems: their stance, tools and experiences. The author explains each of these in depth as well describing the decision-making process that integrative thinkers use.

Today's business leaders regularly face complex ethical challenges that impact them, their businesses, and other stakeholders. Unfortunately, they often unconsciously make decisions using underlying principles that predispose them to biases and errors in judgment. By recognizing some of these challenges, they can learn to avoid 'ethical danger zones' and become more effective leaders. The authors explain that developing a framework to improve ethical decision making entails a focus on three key areas: quality, breadth, and honesty. By identifying and confronting the biases outlined herein, managers can make more rational and ethical decisions

Explores the opportunities and threats to Unilever's global business in 1978 based on the commercial and political challenges faced by three of its subsidiaries, Lever Brothers in the United States, Hindustan Lever in India, and United Africa Company in West Africa. Management faced several problems: criticism of multinational companies, anti-trust legislation, expropriations, and rising competition from international and local rivals. Focuses on developing a new global strategy for a company that placed a premium on a consensual management style and local autonomy.

An abstract is not available for this product.

Relates to Microsoft's expansion in China and India in the period 1993-2007 and the strategic issues faced by multinationals in emerging markets.

The director and co-founder of Honey Care Africa (Honey Care) looks back over the six years of operations and describes the original business model and several sequential changes based on feedback from rural communities, partner organizations, and learning by doing through field operations. Increasing international recognition highlights the potential impact of the model on inspiring sustainable grassroots ventures in the agriculture sector in Kenya. For Tanzania and other developing countries, he ponders the potential opportunities and challenges in replicating the Honey Care model elsewhere. The case also tackles alternative routes for scaling up the model in East Africa. Students are presented with several specific challenges which illustrate the growing tension between Honey Care's original commitment to the farmers and its prospects for international take-off, and are asked to propose alternative model reconfigurations to resolve this tension.

The case discusses two important themes of contemporary interest in global strategy and international business; (1) the impact of location-specific advantage and the role of government policy in helping firms compete, and (2) leveraging home-grown competitive advantages in evolving into full-fledged MNEs (Multinational Enterprises). Emerging market multinationals have become a compelling force to contend with in the global economy, and this case illustrates the unique advantages that these firms bring. The case focuses on the specific issues relating to Korea and LG Electronics, one of the leading consumer electronics manufacturers in the world. It follows the fortunes of LG Electronics, a company that started as a contract manufacturer supplying OEM contracts to a variety of Japanese and U.S. appliance makers. It entered the U.S. market under its Goldstar label fairly early, and quickly realized that it needed to hone important skills of product differentiation, brand positioning, design, and innovation in order to succeed. Given the huge obstacle that this steep learning curve represented, LGE turned to emerging markets as a means of building credibility outside Korea. It charted a systematic strategy that encompassed a range of elements such as locally adapted designs, localized manufacturing, rural distribution, and cultural marketing that resonated very well with emerging market consumers. It had soon built a formidable position across all the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Turning its sights once again to the developed countries, it contemplated how it could take some of the lessons it had learned in the developing world to kickstart its developed country strategy into high gear. The case describes the challenges facing companies seeking to enter emerging markets and the important credentials that they can build in the process of understanding these settings

Provides a detailed description of the process of strategic management, particularly strategy implementation, at Zhujiang Iron and Steel Company (ZISCo)--a Chinese state-owned enterprise. ZISCo, established in 1997, is a steel manufacturer and produces a range of steel sheets and plates used in manufacturing containers, industry-used gas bottles, steel pipes, white good appliances, and automobiles. In early 2003, ZISCo faced many problems in the key areas of production, procurement, and marketing, which largely resulted from the niche market strategy it was implementing at that time. In March 2003, Ruosheng Zhang was appointed as the new president of ZISCo. Since then, ZISCo has implemented a "value creation strategy" and undertaken a number of important functional reforms, with active participation from its employees. Consequently, its financial performance improved substantially during 2004-2006. Nevertheless, ZISCo still encountered various challenges in 2007, particularly in the areas of cultural change, knowledge management, and development of organizational competence and learning capability.

Describes the International Fight League's (IFL) formation and growth, the mixed-martial arts (MMA) industry in 2007, and culminates in the dilemma of what the company should do strategically in order to survive. After going public, the company faced competition from various new small players like itself, and from dominant player UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship). As the company fell below break-even, its challenge became to search for one or more types of revenue streams to "salvage" itself before burning through its remaining cash reserves. Evaluates the typical revenue streams of sports companies, such as television, team sponsorship, league sponsorship, advertising, merchandising, and live arena events. Each strategic direction is evaluated, given its corresponding operational model, cost of ramp-up (particularly considering UFC's position), and sustainable barriers to entry. Looks at typical challenges faced by management of a publicly traded company caught in a strategic pinch by looking at the IFL's situation.