個案總覽

Vincor International Inc. was Canada's largest wine company and North America's fourth largest in 2002. The company had decided to internationalize and, as the first step, had entered the United States through two acquisitions. The company's CEO felt that to be among the top 10 wineries in the world, Vincor needed to look beyond the region. To this end, he was considering the acquisition of an Australian company, Goundrey Wines. He must analyze the strategic rationale for the acquisition of Goundrey as well as probe questions of strategic fit and value.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. Most companies invest a significant amount of time and effort in a formal, annual strategic planning process--but many executives see little benefit from the investment. In the course of the authors' research, one manager compared his company's process with a "primitive tribal ritual," and another likened it to the Soviet system: "We pretend to make strategy and they pretend to follow it." The authors found that, although few truly strategic decisions are made in the context of a formal process, formal planning can be a real source of competitive advantage when it is approached with the right goal in mind: as a learning tool to help companies create within their management teams "prepared minds" (to borrow from Louis Pasteur). The key is getting right a host of seemingly mundane but actually critical details concerning the annual meetings that are at the heart of all formal processes--including who should attend the meetings, where they should be held, and what kind of preparation is necessary to make them effective. Following an analysis of those details, the authors offer several examples showing prepared minds in action, in which formal planning helped managers make solidly grounded, real-time strategic decisions in a world of turbulence and uncertainty.

WebEx Communications, founded in 1996 by Min Zhu and Subrah Iyar, was an Internet-based, carrier-class communications services provider of web conferences and meetings. WebEx's online, real-time, interactive, multimedia communications services allowed its customers to communicate via voice conferencing, video conferencing, and data communication. With data communication, using just a standard web browser, multiple users could share and remotely control software applications and desktops, share and edit documents and presentations, remotely browse the web together, chat live, write on whiteboards, record and play back sessions, and transfer files. The company's services improved the efficiency of many activities: meetings, sales, marketing, training, customer support, etc. The company's early performance was impressive, but analysts had recently pointed out that the revenue growth rate was slowing. WebEx was considering a number of strategies to boost sales: expand the product line vertically to target specific end-user groups like health care or finance; increase partnering agreements with resellers; focus more on enterprise customers, which had the potential for hub-and-spoke acquisition of additional customers; or expand internationally (international sales accounted for about 4% of revenues in 2002). Also, Min and Subrah had to consider the repercussions of some recent news. On January 21, 2003, Microsoft announced it was acquiring PlaceWare, WebEx's most significant competitor.

Growth in an adjacent market is tougher than it looks; three-quarters of the time, the effort fails. But companies can change those odds dramatically. Results from a five-year study of corporate growth conducted by Bain & Co. reveal that adjacency expansion succeeds only when built around strong core businesses that have the potential to become market leaders. And the best place to look for adjacency opportunities is inside a company's strongest customers. The study also found that the most successful companies were able to outgrow their rivals consistently and profitably by developing a formula for pushing out the boundaries of their core businesses in predictable, repeatable ways. Companies use their repeatability formulas to expand into any number of adjacencies. Some companies make repeated geographic moves, whereas others apply a superior business model to new segments. In other cases, companies develop hybrid approaches. The successful repeaters in the study had two common characteristics: they were extraordinarily disciplined, applying rigorous screens before they made an adjacency move, and in almost all cases, they developed their repeatable formulas by carefully studying their customers and their customers' economics.

Describes the structure and evolution of the United States home appliance industry between 1986 and 2002.

Argentine confectionery manufacturer, Arcor Group, seeks to implement an international strategy but in 2003, recovering from the Argentine financial crisis, thwarts globalization plans. Already Latin America's leading candy producer and an exporter to over 100 countries, Arcor analyzes how it can become truly global with production facilities and distribution networks in various regions, such as North America, Europe, and Asia. First, however, Arcor must stabilize its operations at home, where a devalued peso, economic uncertainty, and political instability still linger from the devastating financial crisis.

Atlas must decide whether to acquire La Indeca, increasing its Central American presence, or to focus on larger Latin American markets where higher growth is possible. In the year 2000, Jorge Rodriguez was in charge of Atlas Electrica, the largest home appliance firm in Central America. Although it had almost doubled its sales in the 1990s, by the end of the decade Atlas was experiencing a declining market share in its home region and facing increasing competition from outside the region, especially from Mexican and Korean multinationals. At the time, Atlas' main competitor in Central America, El Salvador-based Indeca, was up for sale. Atlas Electrica, based in Costa Rica, served more than a dozen Latin American countries. Since its establishment in 1961, it had served Central American markets with different types of home appliances, later focusing on white-goods for middle-income segments of Central American consumers. In the mid-1990s, through a strategic alliance with Sweden's AG Electrolux, Atlas had expanded to Latin American markets beyond Central America.

This case traces the development of the balanced scorecard for a fast-growing biotech company in transition. It reports how the new CEO embraces the scorecard concept early to explain and measure the progress of his strategic objectives to the various stakeholders. The case subsequently traces the rollout and development of the scorecards as they cascade throughout the organization. Finally, the North American CFO confronts the problem of relating scorecard targets to individual performance goals of his finance team.

First Commonwealth Financial Corp., a financial institution in central and southwestern Pennsylvania, implemented the Balanced Scorecard for describing and implementing its new customer-focused strategy. Its founder and chairman decided that the Balanced Scorecard also should become the primary information input for the corporate governance process with the board of directors so that the board could become more knowledgeable about and more actively involved in the company's strategy. Describes how the board became knowledgeable about the company's Balanced Scorecard and how it participated in developing a Balanced Scorecard for itself. In addition to the enterprise and board scorecards, the company also developed scorecards for each senior executive for the governance and compensation committees to assess and reward senior management performance. Extensive exhibits illustrate the three different scorecards and the reports and supporting documents for these scorecards.

By fiscal year 2000, Samsung had pulled far ahead of other "chaebols," Korean conglomerates. For example, the market value of Samsung affiliates listed on the Korea Stock Exchange exceeded the sum of the market value of listed affiliates of second, third, and fourth largest groups: Hyundai, LG, and SK. Samsung's accomplishments during the late 1990s were particularly noteworthy when compared to its long-time rival Daewoo, whose businesses were forced into financial workout disposition of assets overseen by creditors in 1999. Discusses what made the destinies of the two groups totally different.

It's easy for corporate strategists to get bogged down by the vast amount of data available to them. The trick is to separate the wheat from the chaff--and that's where a sophisticated early warning system comes into play. Building one takes three steps: Anticipate specific futures, appoint sentries, and expedite decision making.

In the late 1990s, the leadership of Neighborhood Conservation Services (NCS) of Barberton, Ohio--a nonprofit housing rehabilitation organization founded two decades earlier to help reverse the decline of this aging industrial city--found its once popular mission had suddenly become politically controversial. The long unassailable idea of using public funds to target low-interest loans to lower-income homeowners was being questioned by elected officials in the city of 28,000, officials concerned that limiting loans to those of low-income--in conjunction with a concentration of public housing and rent subsidies--might make Barberton a "magnet" for low-income households. A mayor intent on reviving the city's tax base and attracting and retaining the middle class challenged NCS to demonstrate how its policies could help the city. This new political climate posed a difficult and crucial strategic challenge for the organization--which relied on funds voted by the City Council for the overwhelming majority of its budget. NCS, believed its leadership, would have to find ways to reconcile its mission with the new political climate in town or find a new way to fund its programs--or simply close up shop. This nonprofit management case is meant to allow for discussion of how organizational strategy should adapt to political change. In particular, it raises the question of the extent and nature of the obligation of those receiving public funds to defer to elected officials. The case can also be used in discussion of housing policy per se, to explore the question of when and where housing subsidies are appropriate. HKS Case Number 1707.0

In 1990, President Alberto Fujimori swept to power in Peru on a wave of public enthusiasm for his promised reforms. Indeed, over the next five years Fujimori accomplished something of an economic turnaround miracle. He also vanquished a homegrown terrorist movement and proved a willing partner in the war against drugs. The international community, including the US, admired and supported him. By Fujimori's side stood a shadowy figure, Vladimiro Montesinos. Never appointed to any official office, Montesinos nonetheless became the virtual head of the intelligence service, and he exercised unique influence over Fujimori. His reputation was as Mr. Fix-it: he could get anything done. Both Fujimori and the US (he had a relationship with the CIA) benefited from his services. With Montesinos' behind-the-scenes assistance, Fujimori's government became ever more authoritarian, extending executive influence over the judiciary, the military and the legislature. But in September 2000, the reason for Montesinos' remarkable effectiveness was dramatically exposed with the television airing of a videotape in which he bribed an opposition congressman. As the story unfolded, Montesinos was revealed as the mastermind of a sophisticated network of corruption which reached into most sectors of society: the legislature, judiciary, media, military and industry. Working with the primary evidence of the videotapes, this case paints a rarely glimpsed picture of corruption in action. It describes Montesinos' rise to power, and the mechanics and protocols of bribery and fraud. HKS Case Number 1722.0

Spreadsheet for use with case (9-704-429). Download Only. (Examines the possibility of TIVo being a content distributor).

Supplements the (A) case.

Mike Ramsey, TiVo's CEO, must decide on which direction to build the company. Facing an onslaught of new competitors, a huge opportunity in the cable industry, and the possibility of becoming the new "user interface" for TV entertainment, Ramsey must balance the demands for profitability with the hope of driving TiVo to mass adoption.

BLES Biochemicals Inc., a research and development company, specializes in natural surfactants. After many years of trying, the president has finally obtained approval for the company's only product, BLES, which is used to help premature babies suffering from respiratory distress syndrome--without it, they could die. The company was able to sell the product in advance of receiving approval but with the news of receiving the go ahead, the president had to decide his next move. The obvious step was to pursue international expansion: The worldwide market potential for BLES was incredible. However, there were trade-offs associated with each of the markets under consideration. Moreover, the inherent risks associated with growth gave him cause for concern. He was anxious to develop a growth strategy that explicitly considered the interests of the company, prospective patients, his family, his partners, and his employees.

Pinnacle Technologies, although entirely independent, acts essentially as a subsidiary of U.K.-based Psion Teklogix. Psion Teklogix manufactures wireless data communications devices that are used primarily in inventory management activities performed in warehouses, ports, factories, and airports. In the mid-1990s, Psion gave Pinnacle Technologies exclusive Middle Eastern rights to the Teklogix technology and product line. It also assisted in training Pinnacle's development staff, programmers, and sales representatives. By 2002, Pinnacle was prospering and thinking of diversifying into related and unrelated software services. The CEO must decide to what degree Pinnacle should diversify from its core business and determine what financial and managerial resources are required for the diversification.

This short fictional case forms the basis of a team decision-making exercise. The case, inspired by a real decision facing a major telecommunications company, describes a cross-functional management team convened by the CEO for the purpose of developing a recommendation about whether to conduct a full-scale launch of a new high-speed Internet access service. In the class session, groups of six participants are asked to conduct team meetings to arrive at a consensus about the launch decision--drawing from the information contained in the shared case and from privately held information contained in individual role sheets provided separately to each member. Although different team members hold very different perspectives about the launch, teams can arrive at thoughtful recommendations by working together to share their knowledge.

Accompanies The BCPC Internet Strategy Team: An Exercise and provides unique background information on one of the team members.