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The background notes accompany the free online case "Indian Premier League: Innovation Without Disruption" (https://www.blueoceanstrategy.com/teaching-materials/IPL), a self-paced, interactive case that lets readers analyze the strategic logic behind the launch of Indian Premier League (IPL) using blue ocean analytical tools and frameworks. With visual aids and interactive exercises, the case explores how the IPL transformed traditional days-long cricket matches into a thrilling three-hour sports drama with Bollywood music and cheerleaders, and opened up a new market space - "cricketainment" on the pitch and on primetime TV for families to enjoy. Students and executives come to understand the IPL and cricketainment market as an example of nondisruptive creation, i.e., they did not displace or disrupt the existing sector (players, products or services). They were creative but not destructive of what went before, i.e., the domestic cricket league and other forms of entertainment. Applying Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne's three-step process, readers discover how the IPL unlocked a new market that was beneficial to both the domestic cricket league and the entertainment industry.

Profico Trading and Contracting Company WLL, an aluminum and glazing contracting company in Lebanon, assembled and installed aluminum and glazing doors and windows and aluminum composite panels for local construction projects. The company's revenues had increased over the years, but over the previous four years, revenues had declined, largely as a result of regional political turmoil that affected the construction industry. The management team was contemplating an opportunity to invest in a production line that would expand the company's scope through backward integration, conceivably increasing the company's revenues by 40-50 per cent. Was the investment worthwhile in the context, and if so, how might the company finance it?

In 2018, the acknowledged saviour of Nissan and the creator of the 19-year-old cross-shareholding Renault-Nissan alliance was accused by the Tokyo Prosecutors Office of understating his compensation and of using company resources for personal gain. The arrest of the former chairperson of Groupe Renault, Nissan Motor Co. Ltd., and Mitsubishi Motors brought to light weak governance practices at Nissan and challenged the state of the tripartite alliance. How could Nissan restore investor trust and prevent the recurrence of another scandal? What would happen to the alliance? Convicted or not, could the saviour himself ever recover from this scandal? Was he indeed a hero or a villain?

CarMax, based in Richmond, Virginia, is the largest retailer of used cars in the United States. Over the past several years leading up to 2019, CarMax has undergone a major digital transformation, integrating agile, lean, and user experience (UX) design best practices to become a customer-centric, product-driven organization. In this case, CarMax is facing new competitors (e.g., digital native players Carvana and CarsDirect), changing consumer shopping behavior, and technological advancements in electric cars, autonomous vehicles, and ride-sharing platforms. In order to maintain its dominant position in the used-car marketplace, CarMax must continue to evolve from a traditional brick-and-mortar model marked by legacy corporate practices (such as annual roadmaps and budget cycles) to a product-focused, omnichannel experience that delivers significant value to its customers.

In July 2019, Allstate, the United States' number-three property and casualty (P/C) insurer, released its second-quarter earnings, which reported first-half revenues of $22.1 billion, up 11.4% year-over-year. Shareholders cheered the top-line growth, but, P/C premiums had only grown 6.2%, considerably lower than Allstate's top competitors, GEICO and Progressive. Indeed, since the beginning of the global financial crisis, Allstate had grown net premiums earned by just 2.1% per year, compared to 7.6% at Progressive and 9.9% at GEICO. As a result, Allstate had fallen from the number-two writer of private passenger auto insurance to number four, losing market share each year. There was, however, some sign that Allstate was returning to faster growth, with net premiums earned up 5.3% in 2018. During this period, CEO Thomas Wilson had taken steps to reignite growth, concerned primarily with building Allstate's direct-sales business, expanding its range of usage-based products and telematics solutions, and focusing more on insuring smaller consumer devices. Still, growth remained laggard, despite high-profile acquisitions of the direct online specialist Esurance in October 2011 and SquareTrade, a provider of extended warranty contracts for consumer devices, in November 2016. Nothing seemed to ward off challenges from GEICO and Progressive. Meanwhile, rapid advances in ridesharing and autonomous vehicle technology promised to disrupt the entire auto insurance industry. Allstate was early to recognize this shift and had begun investing heavily in new technologies and partnering with researchers and ridesharing operators to prepare for the coming disruptions. Wilson had also set up a new business unit called Arity that would oversee Allstate's efforts at usage-based telematics and to collect and process data on drivers to improve underwriting models.

Fernandez Hospitals (FH) was a unique health services organisation focused on women and newborns, based in Hyderabad, India. Its vision was to promote natural childbirth and respectful maternity care across India, make pregnancy safe for women and their babies, promote midwifery training and birth without interventions, and to always lower costs for patients. A strong advocate of natural birth, FH's Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Evita Fernandez, had long opposed the growing trend of caesarean section (C-Section) births that had largely been driven by private hospitals across the country seeking to maximise their profit margins. Since 1990s, as the country's economic growth surged, women from the affluent classes, as well as educated working women, had emerged as a large and growing segment that could pay premium prices for high-quality maternity services that also provided a premium experience. Given FH's reputation as a caring institution in the field of obstetrics, gynecology, neonatal care and allied areas, FH made the decision in 2016 to establish Stork Home as a hospital in the upscale neighborhood of Banjara Hills that would cater to the premium maternity services segment of Hyderabad. However, even after two years of operations, Stork Home was languishing in terms of low inpatient occupancy and poor financial performance, which was also affecting the profitability of FH as a whole. It seemed that good intentions had run aground on the harsh shores of a highly competitive landscape. The case delves into the causes of poor performance, contrary to the expectation that FH's ability to attract patients would carry over to the premium Stork Home brand. The case poses a series of questions centering around the future 'go-to-market' strategy for Stork Home. These questions are posed against the backdrop of intense competition from well-established large hospital chains with aggressive marketing efforts and a focus on maximising profits.

On June 22, 2018, Stephanie Wilkinson, co-founder of the Red Hen, a small farm-to-table restaurant in rural Virginia, was caught off guard when a frantic call from her chef told her that the White House press secretary, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, had just sat down to eat at Wilkinson's restaurant. Staff at the Red Hen were tense because they fundamentally disagreed with Sanders's support of the Trump administration on issues such as immigration and transgender rights. Wilkinson was equally concerned because she had kept politics off the menu at the Red Hen for over 10 years in a politically charged city. Now, Wilkinson had to decide whether to side with her employees and her own moral values and ask Sanders to leave, or permit Sanders to stay at the restaurant. Either way, Wilkinson knew that there would be consequences and that the media would be knocking at her door.

In June 2019, Best Buy appointed Corie Barry as new CEO. Her predecessor, CEO Hubert Joly, had successfully tackled BBY's two main problems-declining comps and margins-and engineered a financial turnaround within his first five years on the job. Despite its surviving as a retailer, Best Buy and Corie Barry confront multiple challenges. Best Buy is still a predominantly bricks-and-mortar store with an online presence (just 20.9 percent of sales are generated online in 2018 compared to 17 percent in 2015). Additionally, the United States is no longer the world's largest consumer retail market, and Best Buy has retreated to North America after failing to expand to China and Europe. Further, consumer electronics are caught within trade disputes between China and the United States. Under Joly, Best Buy balanced providing differentiated service with trained staff at competitive prices involves. However, Corie Barry needs to consider whether that balance can be maintained going forward, or whether Best Buy needs to further adapt.

Ace Company (Ace) was a Chinese start-up developing software for the Internet of Things (IoT). The company was founded in February 2015 by three colleagues for the initial purpose of providing an unprecedented universal IoT operating system, the absence of which was severely crippling developing development in IoT. By mid-2017, having proven the technical viability and market acceptability of its offering, the company was ready to scale up. However, the co-founders disagreed on the choice of growth strategy. One founder advocated extending Ace's business to as many industrial scenarios and companies as possible, while the other founder was in favour of Ace focusing on and penetrating deeply into a few industries. The third founder was stuck in the middle and wanted to know which path they should choose.

In 2013, Bikes & Co. Ltd., a business unit belonging to a multi-divisional organization in Nagpur, India, was rooted in the past and out of touch with the contemporary environment. A new chief executive officer had been charged with implementing strategic changes that would turn the unit around across the organization, in every function and department. These changes aimed to align the company with consumer expectations and behaviour, which was reflected in retail outlets or points of purchase. The organization had to avoid concentrating only on the consumer's end decision point and focus instead on the entire consumer decision journey. The new chief executive officer had been given 12 months to accomplish a business transformation that would address issues related to human resources, the supply chain, marketing and branding, vendor management, sourcing, sales, customer service, enterprise resource management, product design, engineering, and retail outlets.

Armed with a patent on technology that allowed users to modify existing websites and then provide access to the improved versions, Oded Golan and his startup cofounder had turned an idea born in Golan's Tel Aviv apartment into a business that had raised $3.5 million in venture capital funding and now served more than 3,000 of the world's biggest brands. Turning their technology into a profitable business had been quite challenging for the entrepreneurs, however. Over the course of four years, they had launched several products serving several different customer segments, continually chasing the goal of sustainable profits and growth. In 2017, they received the news that their much-needed second round of financing had fallen through. With only $350,000 left in the company's bank account, the founders needed to act fast once more to save their business. Students will explore Start A Fire's monetization strategies and experimentation with different product types in the founders' effort to create value from their patented technology. The case also illustrates how a firm's choice of customer segment affects its strategy.

In December 2012, Walt Disney Company Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Robert A. Iger announced the completion of his company's $4 billion acquisition of Lucasfilm Ltd., further expanding the company's footprint in its Studio Entertainment segment. Was Iger navigating the company on a solid strategic course or was he engaged in the same "empire building" that ultimately forced his predecessor Michael Eisner to resign?

In April 2018, Indra Nooyi, CEO and Chair of the Board of PepsiCo, was asked if the company should keep its snacks and beverages businesses together. PepsiCo was doing well in general. Its 2017 annualized dividend per share had increased by 50 percent, and it returned $38 billion to shareholders. However, the company's report for the quarter told a familiar story. Revenues for its snacks division, Frito Lay North America, grew by 3 percent, while revenues for its North American Beverages division fell by 1 percent. Were snacks and beverages actually better together, or would a separation allow each business to maximize its potential? Nooyi's response reflected the strong conviction among PepsiCo's leadership that keeping them together created synergies that made the company more valuable than the sum of its parts. Many investors, however, were just as convinced that PepsiCo would be more efficient and profitable as two pure play companies. This case provides background on the company and the snacks and beverage markets while asking students to consider Pepsico's best strategy for future growth.

While Inditex's Zara concept had experienced significant growth in recent years, the competitive threats facing the business were only increasing. New entrants like Amazon's Lark & Ro, a private label women's apparel brand, had a similar style and target market segment. Additionally, new retail concepts such as Primark, that focused on low costs and low prices, were successfully making inroads with younger customer segments. As online and mobile technologies became an even greater driver of sales, how would this impact Zara? How would its unique business model withstand the ever-changing retail landscape?

In October 2018, Tesla, Inc. (Tesla), an American automotive and energy company, received an approval from Shanghai's mayor to acquire a plot of land to build a new electric-vehicle (EV) factory, which was expected to produce its first cars in three years, and to have initial capacity of about 250,000 vehicles a year. This move was in response to a significant rise in the Chinese EV market and the additional tariffs imposed by the Chinese government during its 2018 trade war with the United States. Since 2013, Tesla had partnered with Panasonic Corporation (Panasonic)-the consumer electronics company and a world leader in battery technology-to build Gigafactory 1 and Gigafactory 2 in the United States for manufacturing Tesla's batteries. The Chinese automotive market was a business environment much different from any that the Tesla-Panasonic partnership had previously experienced. Given the Chinese government's regulations, requirements, and incentives, what should be Tesla's growth strategy in the world's largest automotive market-China. Should Tesla continue its partnership with Panasonic in China or should it look to derive more potential benefits from other suppliers?

In the summer of 2018, after over 25 years of leading AREUFIT Health Services, Inc. (AREUFIT), the founder and president of assessed her company's position in the evolving health services market. She had grown AREUFIT from a sole proprietor start-up to its current position as the Philadelphia region's award-winning provider of preventive health and biometric screenings, corporate health and disease prevention programs, and wellness services, with annual revenues that exceeded US$1 million. The founder had spent the last three years working with an outside consultant in preparation for the next stage in the life cycle of her company. When a competitor approached her with an offer to buy AREUFIT she knew she had to make some tough decisions, while remaining true to her values and business practices. She wanted to preserve the company and culture she had built, protect her key employees, and ensure that the brand reputation of AREUFIT would endure.

In 2018, a new challenge confronted the executive director of the Inside-Out Center in Philadelphia, who was also the founder of the Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program, an international network of educators providing university courses in prisons for both incarcerated individuals and university students. Despite the program's many success stories, to gain new funders, the founder needed to communicate the program's impact through measurable effects. Assessing long-term impacts seemed nearly impossible because of difficulties in tracking the participants as they graduated from their university programs or completed their prison sentences and returned to the outside world. The measurement effort was also controversial because although the use of quantitative measures would help to raise funds, it could also challenge the value of the program's well-established practices and could change the relative roles and influence of various key stakeholders. Whose definitions of "impact" should be prioritized, and how could the program's impact be measured and communicated?

Samsui Supplies & Services Private Limited provided 1.8 million meals annually to long-term care facilities in Singapore through the company's flagship project, Samsui Central Kitchen. The company had won accolades for its work, and in April 2018, the director felt that the time was right to expand the project. He wondered, however, how he would illustrate to the organization's key stakeholders the social impact Samsui was having in the SG$89 million market of providing meals for long-term care facilities. To gain support for scaling up Samsui's initiatives and maximizing the social impact the company was delivering, the director needed to quantify the impact of the company's corporate social responsibility initiatives in a clear and simple message to its various stakeholders.

Though the shale revolution transformed the U.S. into the largest producer of petroleum products, it was unclear how much success American exporters would find selling liquefied natural gas on the European energy market. Gazprom, the state-controlled Russian energy company, provided Europe with the majority of its natural gas. Many voices discussed European energy needs in terms of security or politics, but buyers and sellers of natural gas in the private sector approached the question from a somewhat different angle. This case, built around unique calculations that model the prices different European customers pay for gas, analyzes the strategic considerations and pricing decisions of Russian and American natural gas suppliers, and pushes students to consider the broader political context of energy in Europe.