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In 1980, the ALFA Group, a Mexican conglomerate, initiated a diversification process that led to the acquisition of a cold cuts company, thus creating Sigma Alimentos. Fourteen years later, seeking to make greater use of its refrigerated supply chain, Sigma Alimentos chose to make its way into the then very competitive dairy industry. Having found that large milk producers were already committed to large dairy processing companies, Sigma Alimentos decided to launch a development program for small dairy farmers in order to ensure sufficient supply of quality milk. This case study explores how Sigma Alimentos' Fomento Lechero Program helped small suppliers to grow alongside the company. A little over 15 years since the program's inception, the case recounts how small farmers managed to overcome various challenges to grow exponentially. In addition, at the time this case was written, imported powdered milk prices had dropped considerably below fluid milk prices, thus generating the case's core dilemma: letting go or retaining small farmers that have been working alongside Sigma Alimentos for a very long time.

After a successful career as a superintendent of some of the nation's largest urban school districts, Carol Johnson elected to complete a Fellowship at Harvard's Advanced Leadership Initiative (2014). There, she hoped to gain perspective and knowledge surrounding how new superintendents of urban school districts could be better trained and supported in this challenging and dynamic role. Following her ALI Fellowship, Johnson created the Leadership for America's Urban Schools (LAUS), a proposed program that would provide mentorship, training, and networking for new urban school leaders.

This teaching note offers an approach to the evaluation of health care markets globally. The note prepares students with a set of questions about the organization of core elements of the health care system. The organization of these elements can vary across markets, and can vary in terms of the different roles of the public and private sector in financing and delivery of health care services. Overall, the framework provides an opportunity for a structured analysis of any market in health care, and provides students with a comprehensive approach to assessing the current health care market. Students can build from this framework with their own assessments of potential opportunities for business or policy innovation within the market.

Over the last decade, explicit emphasis on the creation of social value has grown in profit-seeking firms as well as non-profits and has even led to the emergence of a new legal organizational classification known as for-benefit corporations. Like financial value, social value is dynamic and therefore subject to perpetual changes in the firm's external environment, changes that yield opportunities and threats for the firm. Although social entrepreneurship researchers have begun to study the identification and exploitation of opportunities to create social value, this research has taken place primarily within the context of start-up organizations. In contrast, corporate entrepreneurship research has emphasized value creation within existing firms, but focused primarily on the identification and exploitation of opportunities to create financial value. Combining the two, we examine the creation of social value within the firm by proposing the social corporate entrepreneurship scale (SCES), a new instrument that measures organizational antecedents for social corporate entrepreneurship and that offers managers an opportunity to analyze whether the perceived environment is supportive of corporate entrepreneurial behaviors intended to create social as well as financial value. The article concludes with a discussion of the instrument's potential contribution to managerial practice.

Former law firm chairman/CEO Harvey Freishtat was actively involved in the formation of The Conversation Project, a national public engagement campaign to promote earlier end-of-life care discussions among loved ones and then with providers to ensure that end-of-life care wishes were both expressed and respected. The Conversation Project's media campaign and three-pronged strategy of targeting people where they live, work, and pray, was beginning to yield results. However, questions still remained. Would the health care industry create the mechanisms needed to follow people's end-of-life wishes? Was The Conversation Project taking the right steps to fulfill its mission of culture change?

In January 2015, Jennifer Carolan, who had served as the managing director of the NewSchools Venture Fund Seed Fund ("Seed Fund"), spun off from the nonprofit venture philanthropy firm to create a for-profit social impact fund focused on education technology (edtech). Through a unique joint venture with NewSchools Venture Fund ("NewSchools") called NewSchools Capital, the new venture fund, Reach Capital, would allow Carolan to not only raise more funds and scale more effectively than it otherwise could have as a nonprofit, but also support portfolio companies as they matured. Having invested $9 million across 39 for-profit and 4 nonprofit companies for the Seed Fund, and with the support of such renowned anchor donors as the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Sobrato Foundation, Carolan felt confident in Reach's ability to invest successfully in scalable, high-growth edtech companies that prioritized social impact. Still, Carolan was challenged with executing an efficacious spin off, establishing a compelling philanthropic value proposition, and finding a way to effectively measure performance focused on the double bottom line. This case describes the challenges faced in the formation of a sustainable for-profit impact venture capital fund. It covers the origin of the fund, a background of the education technology industry, fund terms, as well as a discussion of performance measurement.

The case focuses on Hand in Hand Eastern Africa (HiH EA), a member organization of Hand in Hand (HiH). HiH is a global group of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) cofounded by Percy Barnevik, a renowned Swedish business executive and Dr. Kalpana Sankar, a nuclear physicist. HiH consists of network partners in India, Southern Africa, Eastern Africa, Afghanistan, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Their model focuses on enterprise development and job creation. However, they also have a strong microfinance program aimed at serving those nascent entrepreneurs at the very bottom of the pyramid who have limited funding options in the mainstream market. Through HiH EA's Enterprise Incubation Fund (EIF), nascent entrepreneurs are able to access loans up to US$233. Various organizational stakeholders (entrepreneurs/ clients, HiH EA's field officers) have begun to call for an increase in the EIF loan cap. This presents a challenge for Ms. Pauline Ngari, HiH EA's chief executive officer. Ms. Ngari questions whether raising the EIF lending cap will benefit all stakeholders as well as the organization itself given its long term strategic plan, its model, and core mission of serving those at the very bottom of the pyramid. Ms. Ngari is facing internal pressure to keep the organization financially sound, but she also faces external pressure to meet the short term needs of HiH EA's clientele and conform to current microfinance industry lending standards while at the same time avoiding mission drift. HiH EA's Board of Trustees will be meeting soon to consider the EIF loan cap decision and have asked Ms. Ngari to provide them a balanced and informed recommendation regarding whether or not they should raise the EIF loan cap.

In November 2004, as presidential hopeful John Kerry conceded the presidential race to George W. Bush, husband and wife team and Democratic supporters Tom Steyer (MBA '83) and Kat Taylor (JD/MBA '86) found themselves at an impasse in their political endeavors. The lost presidential bid was not only disappointing but left the couple seeking out new avenues to benefit from their time, passion, and energy. For Taylor, the idea of a beneficial bank was not new; in fact, the notion of starting a bank to help underserved communities had been suggested to her almost 20 years earlier when Taylor sought career advice from then-economic advisor to Governor Jerry Brown of California, Michael Kieschnick. At the time, the idea seemed implausible but now, with their newly unleashed resources, the idea of community banking as a leverage point in both communities and the overall financial system seemed almost compulsory. Specifically, they wanted to create a triple bottom-line bank that produced social justice and environmental well-being while also being economically sustainable not just in the community but across the financial system. Still, determining how best to structure the organization in order to ensure the fulfillment of its intended benefits presented a significant challenge to the couple. This case describes the founding vision and organizational structure for a triple bottom-line bank. It covers governance issues, regulatory considerations including Dodd-Frank, a discussion of the bank's business model including competitive strategy and the importance of human capital, and measures of impact.

In the fall of 2015, Beneficial State Bank was set to mark its third successive year of normalized profitability while continuing to fulfill its mission to promote social justice and environmental sustainability. At the same time, husband and wife creators of the bank, Tom Steyer (MBA '83) and Kat Taylor (JD/MBA '86), found themselves at a crossroads. As the sole providers of capital to the bank during formation and, as a result of the bank's unique organizational structure, the couple remained the only investors in the bank almost a decade since its founding. With assets of $420 million, the team envisioned scaling the business for both economic viability and impact to over ten times the current size in the coming years. In order to achieve this goal, however, the founders would have to consider the introduction of additional investors. This case describes the motivating factors for changing the bank's existing capital structure, and potential investment options to fulfill these goals. It includes a discussion of prospective investors, existing capitalization and growth prospects, and the role of mergers and acquisitions.

In July 2013, Kesha Cash transitioned out of her stable role as co-founder of and fund manager for Jalia Ventures ("Jalia"), an initiative investing in early-stage mission driven "businesses operated by entrepreneurs of color," to launch her own impact venture fund focused on underserved communities. Because Jalia had been funded and supported by Serious Change, L.P., a global impact investment fund, Cash was new to the process of fund formation. She had heard that she needed at least $250,000 over a period of two years to get through the fundraising process but managed to launch the fund with a budget of just over a third of that amount in under two years while taking barely any salary. By December 2014, Impact America Fund (IAF) had its first official close at less than 50 percent of the target fund size-a strategic decision made by Cash to begin investing in order to prove that she could source and close deals on her own. With her initial close, Cash's vision of creating a fund focused on generating real financial returns while improving the wellbeing of underserved communities was realized. Despite her success in bootstrapping the initial fund, Cash had much more work ahead of her. In addition to managing investors and sourcing new deal opportunities, Cash now had to consider how to scale for later funds, and whether to continue to follow the fund's original vision on her own, as she had already proven that she could do, or take on a partner in order to pursue strategic opportunities. Indeed, the real work was just beginning. This case describes the challenges faced in the formation of a sustainable for-profit impact venture capital fund. It covers the origin of the fund; an overview of the fund's structure and terms, investment strategy, early fundraising, and strategic opportunities; as well as a discussion of impact measurement.

In the summer of 2015, after reporting another year of strong growth in programming and fundraising at miraclefeet.org, a nonprofit dedicated to providing treatment to children born with clubfoot in developing countries, co-founder and executive director Chesca Colloredo-Mansfeld (MBA '92) found herself wanting to do more. While miraclefeet had reported record numbers in each year since its 2010 founding, she knew that she had the capacity to not only treat but also eradicate untreated clubfoot, one of the most common congenital deformities of the feet, and one of the leading causes of physical disability in the developing world. In order to achieve this vision, Colloredo-Mansfeld would have to alter the organization's current funding strategy, which relied heavily on high net-worth individuals. Finding the ideal combination of fundraising opportunities in a timely manner was critical to not only Colloredo-Mansfeld's eradication plan but also the long-term financial sustainability of the organization. This case describes the challenges of fundraising as it relates to the financial sustainability of a growing non-profit organization. It covers the founding vision and business model, a review of financials, impact metrics development, as well as a discussion of strategic opportunities.

In fall of 2015, the Toronto, Canada-based education technology non-profit Rumie had distributed thousands of computer tablets preloaded with collections of thousands of pieces of curated educational content to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in some of the most impoverished countries around the world that lacked basic educational resources. Founder and executive director Tariq Fancy, with his team, was deciding whether to accept a large new order from an NGO in Pakistan that would require Rumie for the first time to provide ongoing services such as teacher training, performance monitoring, and other support. Some on the team felt that providing a full suite of bundled services would detract from their recent push to decouple Rumie's software and services from the physical tablets to achieve greater reach and scale. In October 2015, Rumie opened the LearnCloud, its proprietary online content curation portal for NGOs, to the public. Now anyone could discover, share, and rate free digital educational content from any source. Fancy considered, "Education Access represents a big order and huge growth, but does it lead us into doing things we haven't done before, may not be good at, and may not be scalable to be used by different partners in different geographies?"

Beatriz Cardoso, founder of Laboratório de Educação (Education Laboratory) had a dream to propel Brazilian education. However challenges in fundraising made it difficult to scale up her project, based on helping adults help children improve their literacy skills. To succeed in her goals, Cardoso had to build partnerships, raise funds, and expand the reach of Laboratório de Educação.

In 2013, Howard Fischer (hedge fund founder) and Eric Jacobsen (serial entrepreneur and private equity investor) established Gratitude Railroad as a community of impact investors in nine different "tracks." Each track represented a different concept for using capitalism to impact a social or environmental problem. The founders hoped to prove that impact investing could earn market rate returns or better, while achieving a positive social and environmental impact. After over a year of progress, they had to determine the best path forward for their community and how to prioritize between the tracks in order to maximize their impact.

This case is set in January 2015 and follows Future for Children (FFC), a poverty eradication charity initiated by Swiss banker, Daniel Elber, in Muntigunung, Bali (Indonesia). FFC began by piloting a phased development programme in one village by establishing local social enterprises that address key development hurdles and improve livelihood outcomes. Following the success of the pilot programme, the initiative is now ready to be replicated and rolled out to other villages in Muntigunung. However, some key challenges need to be addressed. For example, management of the social enterprises needs to be handed over to the local community. In addition, more funds are needed to replicate and scale up; and a sense of community ownership of the programme needs to take hold. In addition, the business model of FFC needed to be reviewed for its efficacy in achieving the mission's goal.

Ned Larsen, the CEO of Ferris Valley Foods Company (FVF), located in westernMichigan, was focusing on the issue of hiring ex-felons. He planned to ask his management team to consider if (and how) FVF could use information obtained from the Michigan Department of Corrections (and the Michigan Prisoner Reentry Initiative) and West Michigan Therapy, Inc. to benefit people like Lori Mitten, a middle-aged ex-offender who recently earned a Bachelor of Business Administration degree and was seeking employment. In a deeper sense, Ferris Valley Foods Company also needed to consider the meaning of corporate social responsibility, with respect to the human, financial, and time-related resources that would be required in order to reach out to ex-offenders. One option might be to adopt a hands-off approach and either do nothing at all or simply make a financial donation to a non-profit organization that provides support for ex-offenders; another could be to become actively involved in partnering with the aforementioned entities. Finally, it could begin to hire ex-offenders. Additional (ethical) complications arise because the CEO's nephew is one of the ex-offenders portrayed in the case.

Technology has transformed individuals from mere consumers of products to empowered participants in value co-creation. While numerous firms experiment with involving a crowd in value creation, few companies turn crowdsourcing projects into thriving platforms with a powerful business model. To address this challenge, this article analyzes successful platforms to identify patterns of effective crowdsourcing-based business models. The results provide guidance for managers who need to create new (or adapt existing) business models.

From 2010 through 2013, the Oregon Health Authority's Public Health Division conducted its first health impact assessment (HIA), a process in which a public health organization draws on an array of analytical techniques to gauge the likely health effects of a policy or proposal in another sector (in this instance, the HIA examined the potential effects of wind farms - which constituted a large and growing element of the state's alternative energy strategy - on residents' health). After situating the HIA in the context of the state's "health in all policies" approach (which calls for public health to deepen its connection to other sectors), the case captures the genesis of the HIA, the implementation process, and the response following its publication. The case focuses on how the public health division's relatively small staff managed the HIA's surprisingly large workload and how the public health team worked to incorporate the perspectives of a diverse-and sometimes opposed-set of stakeholders, most notably grassroots opposition groups and representatives of the renewable energy sector. Case number 2038.0

GiveIndia is an online donation platform that bridges the gap between the donors and credible Non-Governmental Organizations. The focus of GiveIndia has been on individual donations with a vision to create a culture of giving, where every Indian donates at least 2% of their income for the poor. In 2013, the Government of India introduced Corporate Social Responsibility Bill, which mandates corporates to invest at least 2% of their profits in CSR activities. At present, GiveIndia has not been seeking corporate, but now they find themselves at the right position to exploit this opportunity. Dhaval, the CEO faces a dilemma. Corporate donations could significantly increase his funding; however, it could also lead deviations from the mission to creating a giving culture. There were other problems to contend with, such as the question of investing in GiveIndia brand, how to pitch business reasons for philanthropy and employee compensation and retention issues. This case presents the evolution of GiveIndia from a modest start to becoming India's largest donation platform in 2013 with over 5.4 million US$ revenues from direct and indirect contributions. It provides a rich context to understand the working of a social enterprise which adopts business principles for a philanthropic cause, and the challenges it faces. The case highlights issues related to the philosophical moorings of the organization and the tension resulting from emerging opportunities and the chances of a mission drift. It also focuses on the problems which social enterprises typically face as they straddle two different worlds of a business enterprise and a social/charitable organization. The case can be used to discuss issues related to marketing, branding and Human Resource Management in a social enterprise and helps develop a holistic understanding of complex linkages across disciplines.