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Amazon was one of the first entrants in e-commerce. Under the leadership of founder Jeff Bezos, Amazon had expanded beyond books to manufacturing and selling a wide range of products and services globally. Bezos had built a customer-centric culture that permeated all aspects of the company. As Amazon continued to grow and expand into new business areas, would it be able to maintain its culture and practices? How much of Amazon's success depended on the cult of Bezos? As the company continued to diversify beyond Bezos's immediate oversight, what could Amazon do to ensure that it stayed relentless?

In 2018, Vince Wong, the founder and chief operating officer of Toronto-based artificial intelligence firm Dessa, faced the challenge of developing a diverse workforce and a culture supportive of diversity through his hiring practices at the rapidly growing start-up. Until now, Wong had handled all of the hiring at the 30-person firm himself. However, as he expected the firm to double in size within the next year, Wong had hired an internal recruiter and was considering how to formalize and transition hiring in a way that supported expanding diversity within the firm. Wong's main focus was on determining how to support diversity through hiring and inclusion via the development of a staffing system that aligned with his desire to develop a more diverse and inclusive workforce.

The owner of All Women Recycling, a small manufacturing business in South Africa, is perplexed after the dawn of the COVID-19 pandemic. She wonders how she should structure business operations to ensure the safety of her staff and meet business goals. She debates between a remote staffing model and a limited staffing model. There will be compensation changes in either approach. The entrepreneur wonders how she should manage employee concerns while continuing to run a profitable business.

Before CVTE becomes a listed company, people rarely know its idiosyncratic management structure and process. None of the founders has ever served as CEO or Chair of the company, and none has ever been a majority shareholder. They have no need to clock in or out; they are accommodated in nearby apartments provided by the company; they have free canteen facilities; their children have access to high-quality company-run education; there is an internal medical center providing services not only to the employees, but to their families too. These amenities have been provided since the company began, even in the digital age and an era in which competition in the IT industry has been fierce. The key member of the founding team, Sun Yonghui, expresses the company philosophy thus: "We are committed to helping people around us succeed in their career and live a happy life..." It is this commitment that has shaped the unique management and organization of CVTE. The key positions are filled from a shortlist of candidates following a selection process in which all CVTE employees are involved to some extent and at some point. The company's unusual approach extends into product development and business development, growth and expansion. CVTE operates an internal incubation mechanism, under which more and more new businesses have emerged or developed. After the company's listing, the senior management team came under increasing pressure to sustain rapid growth. Given the limited growth space for traditional businesses, CVTE pursued new growth by continuously incubating new businesses, which placed higher demands on human capital. However, due to the uncertainty of profitability, new businesses often struggled to attract talent-specially sales personnel-unlike traditional businesses which had secured stable markets and enjoyed steady growth. Moreover, despite substantial initial investments, new businesses struggled to be profitable in the early stages. In addition, larger investment

In October 2018, Lion Air Flight 610 crashed into the sea soon after takeoff from Jakarta, Indonesia. Investigators identified a problem with the new Boeing 737 MAX jet's stall-prevention system (known as the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System, or MCAS). However, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) allowed airlines to continue flying the jet, while Boeing worked on some changes to the MCAS software. Less than five months later, Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crashed six minutes after takeoff. Once again, a faulty sensor triggered a misfire of the MCAS software. The system pushed the nose of the plane down repeatedly. The pilots could not determine how to stop the sharp descent, and the plane plunged into the ground at more than 500 miles per hour. Four days later, facing immense pressure from government officials around the world, Boeing grounded its entire fleet of 737 MAX jets. The Boeing board of directors faced a multi-part dilemma. Was the current CEO still the right person to lead the company, or to what degree, if any, was he responsible for the position Boeing found itself in? Had something gone awry with the company's culture after decades of engineering excellence? How did it come to happen that pilots suddenly experienced fatal difficulties flying the latest model of one of the world's most-used passenger jets? And, how could Boeing ensure such a situation would not happen again?

The Lee family, whose Hong Kong-based Lee Kum Kee company has established itself as a legend within the Chinese and Asian sauce world, sets out to create a daring new vision of what family legacy means. With the family business having been established in 1888, and by 2020 showing no signs of slowing down, the members of the third, fourth, and fifth generations sit down to hash out exactly what it means to be in the family. To this end, they realize that what they need is not a simple one- or two-step succession plan, but a 1,000 Year Plan to guide family governance and values over the next millennium. This grand idea, replete with lofty goals, comes with all types of questions as each generation of the family brings their own perspective. What should those goals be? How can one generation possibly expect to anticipate the needs of the next? Is it right to predetermine the outcomes of a family so far in advance? As the Lee family addresses these questions, they shed light on the more familiar questions about legacy, values, and preparing for the future. Do these same questions not apply even in the case of one generation planning for the next? If a family believes in its ability to hold fast against the chaos of the world, why not plan for the entire future? Each member of the Lee family meets these ideas with their own mix of practical and idealistic solutions, and their landmark document generates a battery of criteria against which other families may compare their own ideas of legacy.

The U.S. Army has long struggled with toxic and inept leaders, and no wonder: It has historically chosen battalion commanders, a linchpin position, on the basis of 90-second file reviews. Last year it undertook an ambitious revamping of that selection process, which now involves four full days of physical, cognitive, and psychological assessments and interviews. The author, a lieutenant colonel who served as an adviser to the task force that designed and implemented the new process, describes it in granular detail, including a variety of rigorous measures for reducing interviewer bias and ensuring diversity and inclusion. Although specifically aimed at improving the validity, reliability, and developmental impact of the army's executive-leader selections, the redesigned process offers important lessons for any organization seeking to bolster its talent assessment and promotion practices.

When Steve Jobs returned to Apple, in 1997, it had a conventional structure for a company of its size and scope. It was divided into business units, each with its own P&L responsibilities. Believing that conventional management had stifled innovation, Jobs laid off the general managers of all the business units (in a single day), put the entire company under one P&L, and combined the disparate functional departments of the business units into one functional organization. Although such a structure is common for small entrepreneurial firms, Apple-remarkably-retains it today, even though the company is nearly 40 times as large in terms of revenue and far more complex than it was in 1997. In this article the authors discuss the innovation benefits and leadership challenges of Apple's distinctive and ever-evolving organizational model in the belief that it may be useful for other companies competing in rapidly changing environments.

Juhi Warrier was a successful human resources (HR) professional with almost two decades of work experience across various industries. She had recently joined the Indian unit of Revital Pharma Inc. (Revital), a leading healthcare manufacturer based in the United States. Heading talent acquisition (TA), Warrier was hired to bring in a fresh perspective and drive change. As only the third female among the 200 leaders in senior management roles, gender diversity was among the top goals on her agenda. However, she was in for a shock, as not only did her ideas for revamping the TA process find no takers but she also had a hard time gaining acceptance as a woman who was a senior leader on the team. The case describes the challenges faced by Warrier in championing the diversity agenda at Revital, while navigating the personal battles of gaining acceptance as a leader. Various incidents described in the case reveal the gaps in the system and the ingrained biases in the company culture. As Warrier works through the system, she is often forced to compromise on her diversity goals. Warrier now faces the dilemma of whether she should re-evaluate her goals or keep striving for equal opportunities in the TA process. What can Warrier do to succeed as a leader and build an inclusive workplace?

In 2020, Michael Phelps, the most decorated Olympian of all time, with 28 medals in various swimming events, was now retired. As he looked back on his 20+ year athletic career, he considered what had gone into making him the greatest of all time-the highs and lows, successes and struggles. He had lived with mental health issues for much of his life, going public with his struggles in 2015, when he talked about his depression and suicidal thoughts. Mental health was a major focus for Phelps in 2020. He was working on removing the stigma associated with mental health issues, improving access to care, and preventing suicides. But as a professional athlete who was used to the rigor and routine of daily workouts and measurable goals, how could he ensure he was having the greatest possible impact in this new mission?

At 6:27 a.m. on May 14, 2018, an Airbus A319, Flight 3U8633 of Sichuan Airlines took off. It was dawning. Flight to and from Lhasa was very difficult. The route was featured with rough terrain and changeable weather, and there were several high mountains beneath. The airplane was passing Chengdu and heading for the Tibetan Plateau at 7:08pm when a heavy thud was heard in the cockpit. In a blink, Capitan Liu Chuanjian found himself in a dreadful situation--the front windshield on his right was gone, and his copilot was almost out of the cockpit, being held only at legs by the safety belt. Wind at over 800 km/hr and -40℃ was blowing in and cutting Liu's face and body. In the cockpit, oxygen was very thin. Wind pressure and extreme coldness were tearing him. The dashboard failed and the airplane was diving at a large angle with port-wing down. Holding the sidestick in his left hand and the throttle lever in his right hand, Liu was intensely trembling in his seat due to coldness. He had to quickly pull himself together. He knew that the lives of all passengers and the crew depended on him.

Pete Carroll, the head coach of the Seattle Seahawks, is the American football world's anomaly. His leadership style is the opposite of the traditional one, a more humanistic approach, based on developing and nurturing strong connections with his players on an interpersonal level and on celebrating, and not suppressing, their individuality. It is anchored by psychology and mindfulness, with Grit author Angela Duckworth noting that Carroll is tapping into something universal about human performance and potential. Carroll believes that to elevate your game you need to start with a strong sense of purpose that is anchored in a clear personal philosophy. As a leader he is committed to the idea that caring personally about each player and his unique needs, background and aspirations is fundamental to his success as a coach. His style is seen by some as overly positive, "touchy feely" and lacking the top-down edge expected of successful coaches. But what casual observers miss is the rigor, discipline, intense spirit of competition and a passion for winning that underpin his approach. His leadership has enabled a distinctive culture that has become a magnet for highly talented players, especially those who are known as gifted and value their individualism. His results provide clear evidence that his model works. Carroll is among the most successful football coaches of the last 50 years, achieving a remarkable level of consistently competing at the highest levels, including winning both a Super Bowl and multiple collegiate national titles. Carroll has influenced numerous championship-winning coaches in football and basketball, including the NBA's Golden State Warriors and the NCAA's LSU Tigers. And the increasing embrace of Carroll's leadership practices by CEO's including Microsoft's Satya Nadella demonstrate that his caring and humanistic form of leadership may help deliver exceptional results far beyond the football field.

This case describes the experiences of Michael Sanders-the Chief Executive of the What Works Center for Children's Social Care-as he led the design and implementation of a program of research aimed at improving the social care system in the United Kingdom (UK) at the national level. In the course of discussing the case, students are asked to consider the challenges of improving wellbeing for social workers and to debate the merits and challenges associated with the proposed experiments. The solutions and ideas shared by students illustrate various behavioral science techniques aimed at improving employee well-being by leveraging non-cash rewards and recognition, especially within the context of a financially constrained organization.

This case describes the experiences of Michael Sanders-the Chief Executive of the What Works Center for Children's Social Care-as he led the design and implementation of a program of research aimed at improving the social care system in the United Kingdom (UK) at the national level. In the course of discussing the case, students are asked to consider the challenges of improving wellbeing for social workers and to debate the merits and challenges associated with the proposed experiments. The solutions and ideas shared by students illustrate various behavioral science techniques aimed at improving employee well-being by leveraging non-cash rewards and recognition, especially within the context of a financially constrained organization.

By early 2019, Magic Circle law firm Allen & Overy (A&O) had replaced its longstanding, traditional annual review system with Compass, a state-of-the-art performance management process based on real-time feedback and planful career development discussions. As Managing Partner Andrew Ballheimer put it, Compass was part of a firm-wide cultural shift "to focus on future development and enable people to perform and progress through more regular open and effective conversations." The case describes the impetus for the change, how the change process unfolded, key features of new the system, and the points of debate and controversy around the implementation.

In 2020, Olympic goal medal winning boxer and former heavyweight world champion Wladimir Klitschko had built himself a "second ring" to continue his career after retiring from professional boxing. He was a hotelier, boxing promoter, author, teacher, speaker, and had built an organization to train businesspeople on his "Challenge Management" philosophy. He believed that any problem could be turned into a challenge to be overcome, and he taught a method based around F.A.C.E.-Focus, Agility, Coordination, and Endurance-to do so. Some major European firms, including SAP and Deutsche Telekom, had begun using Klitschko's methods to train their teams. Given the new realities of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, how could Klitschko use his method to help people around the world adapt?

How leaders behave in difficult situations are an important part of controlling their narrative. This public-sourced case provides students an opportunity to examine how one leader behaves while under scrutiny. The material presents a short history of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver ""Ollie"" North, a US national security adviser under US President Ronald Reagan. North testified before Congress, and an analysis of his testimonies provides an opportunity to view how he conducted himself under pressure. This case is meant to be paired with another case presenting the story of the former president of Stanford University, Donald Kennedy, who was accused of overbilling the government for indirect costs on research contracts: "Acting and Speaking with Power: Donald Kennedy and Stanford Accounting-Indirectly Accused?" (UV8149). Used together, the cases present an opportunity to compare two very different approaches to speaking and acting with power.

How leaders behave in difficult situations are an important part of controlling their narrative. This public-sourced case provides students an opportunity to examine how one leader behaves while under scrutiny. The material presents the history of the former president of Stanford University, Donald Kennedy, who was accused of overbilling the government for indirect costs on research contracts. He testified before Congress, and an analysis of his testimony provides an opportunity to view how he conducted himself under pressure. This case is meant to be paired with another case presenting the story of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver "Ollie" North, a US national security adviser under former US President Ronald Reagan: "Acting and Speaking with Power: Oliver North and the Iran-Contra Deal-the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" (UV8147). Used together, the cases present an opportunity to compare two very different approaches to acting and speaking with power.

PeopleFirst Inc. (PeopleFirst) was a management consulting company founded and run by Renee Janssen. Janssen had recently promoted a star employee, Marcela Lopez, to the position of manager. However, Lopez's first foray into management was turning into a disaster. Lopez was suddenly aggressive and defiant toward Janssen. Worse, the results from a survey Janssen administered indicated that Lopez's team lacked psychological safety-an important factor in their ability to work together and be successful. Janssen's efforts to learn more about the dynamics of Lopez's team led to three findings. First, Lopez was not taking responsibility for her past actions. Second, Lopez was doing a disproportionate amount of work relative to the rest of her team. Third, Lopez was lying to Janssen about past events. Janssen was faced with the challenge of determining how to persuade Lopez to become a more effective manager and how to increase the morale of the members of Lopez's team.

This case follows Heather Grant as she begins her new role as manager of the Staunton, Virginia, branch of Loom & Ferris, a mid-sized call center specializing in printing, branding, and logos for corporate clients. As the new manager, Grant's role is to increase morale among her employees and to improve sales and productivity. She decides to spend her first week observing the call center and getting to know her new employees before making any decisions. Her arrival is not welcome to most of her employees, and she knows that because the company's sales are falling, she may have to fire some of them. Marcus Feeny, one of the employees, arrives late and unruly on Grant's first day, of which she takes notice. She recognizes him because he has the best sales numbers of anyone in the branch by far. Throughout the week, she observes Feeny to be consistently late, unkempt, and disruptive to his colleagues. His bad attitude does not go unnoticed by his colleagues. After a heated argument between Feeny and another employee, Grant calls him into her office to speak with him. She brings up his behavior and appearance at work, and he is immediately defensive and brings up his sales numbers. She recognizes that he sees himself as in the right, even though his colleagues believe that he is getting special treatment by being allowed to flout the office rules. At the end of her first week, Grant realizes that she will have to let some employees go to keep the branch afloat. She must decide the best course of action and whether or not Feeny should stay.