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Accenture has long been seen as a leader in knowledge management, having received awards for many years. Over the years though, islands of knowledge have developed throughout the organization and the delivery infrastructure has become progressively more expensive. In 2004, the global knowledge management lead has been given the mandate to lead a revitalization of knowledge management. Outlines governance challenges in the global firm, the transition to a new IT infrastructure, and the strategic challenges and opportunities facing knowledge management within Accenture.

Ever since the Y2K scare, boards have grown increasingly nervous about corporate dependence on information technology. Since then, computer crashes, denial of service attacks, competitive pressures, and the need to automate compliance with government regulations have heightened board sensitivity to IT risk. Unfortunately, most boards remain largely in the dark when it comes to IT spending and strategy, despite the fact that corporate information assets can account for more than 50% of capital spending. A lack of board oversight for IT activities is dangerous, the authors say. It puts firms at risk in the same way that failing to audit their books would. Companies that have established board-level IT governance committees are better able to control IT project costs and carve out competitive advantage. But there is no one-size-fits-all model for board supervision of a company's IT operations. The correct approach depends on what strategic "mode" a company is in--whether its operations are extremely dependent on IT and whether it relies heavily on keeping up with the latest technologies. This article spells out the conditions under which boards need to change their level of involvement in IT decisions, explaining how members can recognize their firms' IT risks and decide whether they should pursue more aggressive IT governance. The authors delineate what an IT governance committee should look like in terms of charter, membership, duties, and overall agenda. They also offer recommendations for developing IT policies that take into account an organization's operational and strategic needs and suggest what to do when those needs change. Given the dizzying pace of change in the world of IT, boards can't afford to ignore the state of their IT systems and capabilities. Appropriate board governance can go a long way toward helping a company avoid unnecessary risk and improve its competitive position.

Internet telephony, or VoIP, is rapidly replacing the conventional kind. This year, for the first time, U.S. companies bought more new Internet-phone connections than standard lines. The major driver behind this change is cost. But VoIP isn't just a new technology for making old-fashioned calls cheaper, says consultant Kevin Werbach. It is fundamentally changing how companies use voice communications. What makes VoIP so powerful is that it turns voice into digital data packets that can be stored, copied, combined with other data, and distributed to virtually any device that connects to the Internet. And it makes it simple to provide all the functionality of a corporate phone--call features, directories, security--to anyone anywhere there's broadband access. That fosters new kinds of businesses such as virtual call centers, where widely dispersed agents work at all hours from their homes. The most successful early adopters, says Werbach, will focus more on achieving business objectives than on saving money. They will also consider how to push VoIP capabilities out to the extended organization, making use of everyone as a resource. Deployment may be incremental, but companies should be thinking about where VoIP could take them. Executives should ask what they could do if, on demand, they could bring all their employees, customers, suppliers, and partners together in a virtual room, with shared access to every modern communications and computing channel. They should take a fresh look at their business processes to find points at which richer and more customizable communications could eliminate bottlenecks and enhance quality. The important dividing line won't be between those who deploy VoIP and those who don't, or even between early adopters and laggards. It will be between those who see VoIP as just a new way to do the same old things and those who use it to rethink their entire businesses.

Grupo Martica commissions a computer security expert to conduct an audit of its systems, network, and processes. This audit reveals that Martica is quite vulnerable, and the company's de facto CIO must decide what steps to take to improve security. He wonders how complex, tightly coupled systems like computers can ever be made secure and robust.

Business-to-business information technology systems are becoming increasingly important in firm supply chains. Uses the concept of modularity to clarify the strategic implications of B2B technology. There are two generic B2B strategies: modularization, which allows a firm to rent out its internal capabilities to others in its industry, and architectural entrepreneurship, which alters the supply chain by allowing a central coordinating firm to facilitate arrangements that trust issues and information asymmetries had previously made impossible. Which modular strategy is appropriate depends on the role the focal firm plays in the supply chain and its supply chain indispensability. Only firms with deep architectural knowledge can take full advantage of these modular strategies.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. Futurists have long anticipated the day when computers would relieve managers and professionals of the need to make certain types of decisions. But automated decision making has been slow to materialize. Argues that automated decision making is finally coming of age and the new generation of applications differs substantially from prior decision-support systems. Today's applications are easier to create and manage than earlier systems. Rather than require people to identify the problems or to initiate the analysis, companies typically embed decision-making capabilities in the normal flow of work. Those systems then sense online data, apply codified knowledge or logic, and make decisions--all with minimal amounts of human intervention. They can help businesses generate decisions that are more consistent than those made by people, and they can help managers move quickly from insight to decision to action--helping companies reduce labor costs, leverage scarce expertise, improve quality, enforce policies, and respond to customers. As automating decisions becomes more feasible, organizations need to think about which decisions people must make and which can be computerized.

Dollar Thrifty Automotive Group (DTAG) is considering offering a price guarantee to entice consumers to use their web site. Students will be introduced to break-even analysis and general spreadsheet modeling. This is an abridged version of Online Low Price Guarantees - Dollar.com, product # 9B04E016.

The tech industry has a really good grasp of what works and how its products will be used--and that's killing innovation, says the Berkman Center's Jonathan Zittrain.

Describes the current status of IT applications at the second largest container shipping company in the world: China-based COSCO. Describes the challenges the company has faced in dealing with its development and shows a series of organizational and application challenges it must select from in the future. Shows the growing IT sophistication of large, state-owned enterprises in China.

The adoption of information technology has had a major impact on firm and industry structure. The personal computer industry has evolved from a value chain with well-defined roles for firms in different industry segments to a flexible global value network through which PC firms outsource many of their activities to increasingly capable suppliers. The industry's value network is organized mostly through market mechanisms, particularly for routine activities. A smaller number of complex activities involve closer trust-based relationships, but market discipline is used to reduce the risk of opportunism. IT has played a major role in this transformation. For routine activities, IT enables standardization and automation of processes, allowing effective coordination via market transactions. For more complex activities, IT supports the close integration of activities through internal IT systems or customized interorganizational systems.

The knowledge management consultant for IBM Canada's Ltd. business consulting service was preparing for a meeting with the Ontario's Deputy Minister of Education. The purpose of the meeting was to secure top-level support for an early-stage Knowledge Management program at the ministry. For the past few weeks she had conducted an initial study of ministry needs and believed that the organization could benefit from one or more knowledge management solutions, including document management, communities of practice and expert directory. The consultant wondered how she should approach the meeting, given the there seemed to be internal ministry concerns about knowledge sharing. As she reviewed her notes, she wanted to know which solution or combination of solutions she should recommend and what implementation challenges she could expect to face.

Letting customers organize your information the way they want is a cool benefit today but will be a necessity tomorrow, says Harvard Law School Internet scholar David Weinberger.

For the last five years, America Online (AOL), Yahoo!, and Microsoft have been battling to grab market share for their instant messaging (IM) service. Each company has its own software and network to deliver the service, which allows users to write online, real-time text messages to other users on the same network. Although IM began as a small venture in 1996 by four Israeli engineers, it has ballooned into one of the largest means of online communication. The number of IM users has grown 30% faster in its first five years than that of e-mail when it was first launched. Today, almost half of all North American online households use some version of IM. Despite the large number of IM users, the three major providers--AOL, Yahoo!, and Microsoft--have not earned any significant profit from offering their services. Each firm offers its IM service for free and many questions remain as to how any company will one day capitalize on its millions of users. Some looked to the possibility of developing IM as a corporate technology tool, allowing co-workers to send messages securely to one another, and efforts were already underway to make this a reality. Firms have also made significant efforts to establish a common protocol for IM that would enable users to communicate across different networks. But competition has hampered progress, forcing analysts to wonder whether consumers will continue to tolerate using multiple IM programs to reach friends on different networks.

Mars Inc., one of the world's largest privately owned businesses, purchased over $4 billion of materials annually and was aware that many major firms were achieving savings of around 5% through the use of online procurement auctions. The vice-president for business solutions at Mars wondered whether it was possible to design an online auction to meet the special needs of Mars while enabling Mars to achieve the savings necessary to allow the company to prosper and grow in its highly competitive markets.

CEMEX, based in Mexico, has grown through acquisitions from a local cement producer to the world's third largest. Over the last 20 years, the company has been a consistent leader in using IT and managing business information in innovative ways in the cement and ready-mix concrete business. CEMEX has also accumulated knowledge about integrating acquired companies across the world and developing business processes that incorporate best practices in diverse countries and regions. In 2000, CEO Lorenzo Zambrano decided to codify best-practice knowledge across the company around 8 key global business processes through a three-year project called the CEMEX Way. Although implementation cost $200 million, the company could save over $120 million per year in IT and procurement costs. In 2004, the project became a permanent part of CEMEX's approach to doing business globally, but had to be modified to incorporate more local innovation and flexibility as well as to capture best-practice changes more rapidly across the company. How can CEMEX align the behaviors and values of its people and strike the right balance between local business flexibility and global standardization to grow in the future?

The global apparel industry is known to be a buyer-driven industry, led by retailers, marketers, and branded manufacturers. In the United States, in particular, a handful of giant retailers (Wal-Mart, Sears, Kmart, Dayton Hudson, JC Penney), which account for over two-thirds of all apparel sales, dominate the industry. In recent years, these companies have increasingly deployed information technologies to gain market knowledge, streamline their value chains, and manage their extensive global sourcing networks. In response to market demand, TAL Apparel Ltd. (TAL), a no-name Hong Kong-based garment manufacturer, has developed a sophisticated information management system to manage the supply chain for its retailer customers, thus solidifying its position in the apparel value chain. By taking ownership of the customer ordering, inventory management, and shipment dispatch functions, the manufacturer has gained valuable access to real-time market information, allowing it to venture into the design and test marketing business. Explores how a traditionally weak member in the apparel industry uses IT to gain competitive advantage in the intensely competitive global marketplace.

In 2001 Veropoulos Spar, a 770 million Euro retailer in Greece and the Balkan region, intiated the implementation of a new Internet enabled collaborative ordering IT system with 3 suppliers: P&G, Unilever, and Elgeka. Two years later the project failed and had to stop. The CEO is now evaluating a new proposal for re-starting the initiative.

This technical note illustrates the fundamentals of lease vs. buy decisions in technology and how they differ from the typical capital equipment lease vs. buy decision. This note is designed for instructors, and provides them with a background for an introductory lecture on information technology (IT) leasing. It can also function as a companion to the Kellogg cases "AMG, Inc. & Forsythe Solutions: Lease vs. Buy Decisions" and "Shilling & Smith Acquisition of Xteria Inc.: Data Center Technology Leasing."

Tracking technologies--in products and services like TiVo and electronic toll collection--make people's lives a lot more convenient. But the public is understandably concerned about the privacy issues such technologies raise. No one is more aware of those issues than Dante Sorella, CEO of Raydar Electronics, which develops and sells radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and readers. So Dante is troubled when executives from one of his client companies approach him about integrating RFID technology into retail operations. KK Inc., a manufacturer and retailer of teen clothing, wants to embed flat RFID tags into the bills of its caps and visors. The tags would be activated at the registers with customers' purchasing data. When a customer wearing a hat next visited a KK store, the tag would be scanned by readers mounted at the entrance, and a video screen would greet the shopper. Armed with data about the individual's preferences, store personnel could steer her toward her favorite styles or appropriate sale items. Dante appreciates the technology behind the idea--and, of course, its business potential for Raydar--yet he can't help thinking that this particular application smacks of Big Brother. How should Dante respond to KK's interest in tagging the caps and visors? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0412A and R0412Z are Glen Allmendinger, president of the technology consulting firm Harbor Research; Lee Tien, senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a nonprofit organization that works to protect individuals' digital rights; Nick Dew, an assistant professor of management at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California; and R. Bhaskar, an associate of the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University.

Tracking technologies--in products and services like TiVo and electronic toll collection--make people's lives a lot more convenient. But the public is understandably concerned about the privacy issues such technologies raise. No one is more aware of those issues than Dante Sorella, CEO of Raydar Electronics, which develops and sells radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and readers. So Dante is troubled when executives from one of his client companies approach him about integrating RFID technology into retail operations. KK Inc., a manufacturer and retailer of teen clothing, wants to embed flat RFID tags into the bills of its caps and visors. The tags would be activated at the registers with customers' purchasing data. When a customer wearing a hat next visited a KK store, the tag would be scanned by readers mounted at the entrance, and a video screen would greet the shopper. Armed with data about the individual's preferences, store personnel could steer her toward her favorite styles or appropriate sale items. Dante appreciates the technology behind the idea--and, of course, its business potential for Raydar--yet he can't help thinking that this particular application smacks of Big Brother. How should Dante respond to KK's interest in tagging the caps and visors? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0412A and R0412Z are Glen Allmendinger, president of the technology consulting firm Harbor Research; Lee Tien, senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a nonprofit organization that works to protect individuals' digital rights; Nick Dew, an assistant professor of management at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California; and R. Bhaskar, an associate of the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard University.