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Describes the position of Utility #4 in negotiating Group C with respect to 1) its SO emissions reduction requirements; 2) the costs of its alternative compliance strategies; and 3) the nature of its state regulatory environment.

Allied-Signal, Inc., one of the world's oldest chemical companies and today a diversified conglomerate, is liable for clean-up costs of old hazardous waste sites. These costs are substantial: reserves grew to nearly $500 million in 1991. Attempting to avoid further set-asides, and anticipating U.S.-style liability laws in Europe, environmental managers undertake a review of the company's three-part environmental control policy. With extensive programs for disposal-site inspection, auditing for compliance, and hazardous waste reduction, the managers try to optimize costs and liabilities by balancing waste disposal and reduction. The case recounts the formation of the control policy in response to legislation such as RCTA, Superfund, and the Toxics Release Inventory. Examines in detail the implementation of the three hazardous waste programs, analyzing the experiences of two plants. Exhibits include internal control documentation.

Designed to be handed out after discussion of Germany in the 1990s: Managing Reunification and its Supplement.

In October 1990, eastern Germany was incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany. The German people rewarded the architect of these changes, Helmut Kohl, with an enhanced majority in national elections. But only two years later it was hard to remember these heady times. Re-unified Germany's external and internal economic situation were out of balance. The current account fell from a large surplus to deficit. Inflation rose as the German government ran a mounting deficit to finance reconstruction. In June 1992, the Bundesbank council, the interest-rate-setting body of Germany's central bank, raised interest rates to combat this inflation. Other members of the EMS were less willing to raise interest rates as they feared recession rather than overheating. Within months, Italy devalued and the United Kingdom dropped out of the EMS. Had Kohl's reunification strategy caused the EMS crisis? What did this crisis imply about the hopes for closer European integration?

In addition to the issues of expected cost minimization elucidated in Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A), problems involving regulatory uncertainty are critical to the firm's Clean Air Act compliance strategy. The regulatory uncertainty affects, and is affected by, the uncertainties about the price of allowances to emit sulfur dioxide. Provides additional information on the regulatory risks and uncertainties confronting the Southern Co.; permits exploration of the relations between federal environmental regulation and state-level regulation of rates of return.

Provides a short update, describing what happened.

Unilever, the Dutch-British company with operations in some 75 countries, is often described as one of the foremost transnationals. The company's fast-moving product portfolio of consumer goods requires proximity to local markets, although economies of scale in certain functions justify some centralized control. At the same time, a flexible matrix of individual managers around the world share a common understanding of corporate strategy. Co-chairman Floris Maljers provides an inside look at Unilever's evolution since its founding in 1930. For example, the company's core product group, the foods business, has weathered two major reorganizations in just the last 30 years. Through all of the changes, many based on trial and error, the company has maintained two consistent practices: developing high-quality managers and linking decentralized units through the "Unileverization" of those same managers.

The U.S. system of allocating investment capital is failing, putting American companies at a serious disadvantage and threatening the long-term growth of the nation's economy. The problem involves the external capital allocation system by which capital is provided to companies, as well as the system by which companies allocate capital internally. In global competition, where investment increasingly determines a company's capacity to upgrade and innovate, the U.S. system does not measure up. Reforms that can make the U.S. capital allocation system work include: 1) Improve the macroeconomic environment; 2) Expand true ownership throughout the system so that directors, managers, employees, and even customers and suppliers hold positions as owners; 3) Align the goals of capital providers, corporations, directors, managers, employees, customers, suppliers, and society; 4) Improve the information used in decision making; and 5) Foster more productive modes of interaction and influence among capital providers, corporations, and business units.

Most American managers have a hard time making sense of Germany. It has a fraction of the resources and less than one-third the population of the United States. Labor costs are higher, paid vacations are at least three times as long, and strong unions are involved at all levels of business, from the local plant to the corporate boardroom. Yet German companies manage to produce internationally competitive products in key manufacturing sectors, making Germany the greatest competitive threat to the United States after Japan. In their review of recent research on the German business system, Wever and Allen argue that managers can learn an important lesson from Germany. In a global economy, competition exists not only between companies, but also between entire socioeconomic systems. Germany's ability to design a cohesive economic and social system that adapts continuously to changing requirements goes a long way toward explaining its competitive success.

Japan is organized in a fundamentally different way from the economies of the rest of the industrialized world. It is a nation girded by cartels and bound by keiretsu, or families of interrelated businesses, which would seem alien and even illegal in the United States. Pure cartels have great power over Japan's markets. Even political parties operate like cartels. U.S. businesses cannot merely wait for the Japanese to accept fair trade policies as determined by governments of the West. They must be alert for opportunities to join keiretsu, use U.S. political muscle, and exploit any openings in Japan's closely knit business network.

Europe's capitalist system may be better suited to meet the demands of a global economy than its American or Japanese counterparts. In the years ahead, every country must face the challenge of incorporating diverse groups under one roof and improving the quality of life for all. Here Europe's history gives its managers a decided advantage. Because their national markets are small, European companies have long been internationally oriented. And unlike their peers in the United States or Japan, European managers are accustomed to working within the bounds of an implicit social compact. A new generation of "Europreneurs," such as Edzard Reuter of Daimler-Benz and Percy Barnevik of ABB, has appeared to meet the challenges of emerging global markets.

America, a nation once celebrated for its irrepressible optimism, now appears to be obsessed by "declinism"--the idea that something is fundamentally wrong with the U.S. economy, and until it is fixed, America will neither compete effectively in global markets nor provide an adequate standard of living for its citizens. The real challenge facing American society is not reversing economic decline; it is addressing the social implications of the new economy--in particular, how to reinvent America's double commitment to economic opportunity and social equality. Ironically, too great a preoccupation with decline may keep American society from getting on with the job.

The governments of Malaysia and the Malaysian State of Sarawak need to assess possible changes in forest policy. Environmentalist pressure threatens traditional market relationships and patterns of business-government interaction. Harvest regulations, subsidies, trade restrictions, environmental controls, and property rights structures are all called into question.

Sony's chairman addresses the present deterioration of U.S.-Japan relations and offers his view of how the two countries can patch up their differences and work as partners toward mutual economic success. He argues that the mistrust and fear embodied in "bashers" and protectionists on both sides are holding back a relationship of historic importance. Morita suggests that by moving more manufacturing operations to the United States, Japan can make meaningful contributions to revitalizing the U.S. economy. Japanese capital added to American technology can create new competitive companies that are beneficial to both sides.

Riots in 1969 bring martial law and a new, more firmly Malay government which sets out to promote redistribution of opportunity, income, and wealth by race-based quotas. Dr. Mahatherl, a Malay nationalist says Malays have a non-competitive alliance which must be forced to change.

Outlines new government economic plans and first actions after election. To be handed out in class after discussion of main case.

Describes the political and economic situation in Poland in 1989, following the country's first democratic elections and the subsequent establishment of a Solidarity-led government. After examining the legacies left by 40 years of Communist rule, the case lays out the problems that face the new government and the choices it must make. Most centrally, it outlines the Sachs proposal for a rapid "leap to the market" and lays out the arguments for and against such a move. Designed to encourage students to think about the structural prerequisites for capitalism and to realize the difficulties the new Polish government will face as it tries to balance its economic and political objectives.

Examines the causes of decline--economic, social, and political--of the Zambian economy since 1974. It takes place at the time of the election of Frederick Chiluba, in October 1991. Examines the problems of economic development in Africa, and especially, of structural reform away from closed, statist systems of government. Also examines the problems of external debt and the reliance on commodity industries to produce foreign exchange.

In an effort to capitalize on the entrepreneurial opportunity presented by the Brazilian government's trade liberalization, a Panamanian automobile trading company launched a business of importing the Russian made Lada cars into Brazil. The company confronts a complex political and economic environment and strong competition from the existing automobile producers. Presents the business challenges and opportunities accompanying trade liberalization. Reveals the competitive dynamics in environments undergoing economic transformation.

Germany's small and midsize companies, known as the Mittelstand, are a hidden source of wisdom on global competition. Companies like Krones, Korber/Hauni, Weinig, Webasto, and TetraWerke dominate their markets with world market shares ranging from 70-90%. When combined, they account for the bulk of Germany's trade surplus. The success of the Mittelstand lies in a set of five common practices. These companies all: 1) combine a narrow product-market focus with broad geographic scope; 2) perform best in the areas customers care most about; 3) balance closeness to customers with deep technical knowledge; 4) rely on themselves, especially for R&D; and 5) foster close ties between managers and workers.