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As Southwest neared its 40th year of service, the company was facing some major challenges. Legacy carriers in the United States had become more efficient, and the recent mega-mergers involving Delta/Northwest and Continental/United were shaking up the industry. Smaller companies like JetBlue and Allegiant were pressuring Southwest's cost-advantage and low-fare focus. A major internal challenge for Southwest would be managing its acquisitions of AirTran, a deal announced in late 2010. To make the acquisition a success, the company would have to integrate a workforce of more than 8,000 (about 25% the size of Southwest), a fleet of aircraft different from the Boeing 737s used by Southwest, and new markets that included non-U.S. destinations.

This case describes a user-centred approach to public services and is a result after a pioneering collaboration between Hongkong Post and Hong Kong Design Centre. Since operating as a Trading Fund in 1995, Hongkong Post has managed to reinvent itself as a dynamic, customer-focused and market-oriented service organisation. Leveraging its extensive retail and distribution networks and a strong brand, Hongkong Post has grown beyond the traditional postal service to providing a wide and comprehensive range of services in the logistics supply chain, at the same time diversifying into new markets. Hongkong Post recognizes that the current design of the post offices at the retail level may not be able to meet the growing needs and changing patterns of its users. The collaboration between Hongkong Post and Hong Kong Design Centre is an attempt to adopt the user-centered design research approach to public services and to apply the concept at the Mongkok Post Office with a view to understanding users' needs, providing a better user experience and improving operationally efficiency of the Mongkok Post Office. Users in this context, include both customers and post office staff. Case (A) focuses on the internal design, while Case (B) focuses on the external design.

This case describes a user-centred approach to public services and is a result after a pioneering collaboration between Hongkong Post and Hong Kong Design Centre. Since operating as a Trading Fund in 1995, Hongkong Post has managed to reinvent itself as a dynamic, customer-focused and market-oriented service organisation. Leveraging its extensive retail and distribution networks and a strong brand, Hongkong Post has grown beyond the traditional postal service to providing a wide and comprehensive range of services in the logistics supply chain, at the same time diversifying into new markets. Hongkong Post recognizes that the current design of the post offices at the retail level may not be able to meet the growing needs and changing patterns of its users. The collaboration between Hongkong Post and Hong Kong Design Centre is an attempt to adopt the user-centered design research approach to public services and to apply the concept at the Mongkok Post Office with a view to understanding users' needs, providing a better user experience and improving operationally efficiency of the Mongkok Post Office. Users in this context, include both customers and post office staff. Case (A) focuses on the internal design, while Case (B) focuses on the external design.

Established in 1991, Wilmar grew rapidly to become one of the largest palm oil companies in Southeast Asia, with revenue and net profits of US$23.9 billion and US$1.88 billion respectively for the year ended March 2009. It operated in the entire value chain of the industry, from plantations to processing, merchandising, shipping and distribution. As the third-largest listed plantation company in the world, it operated 300 processing plants and had an extensive global distribution network. Its products sold in more than 50 countries, including China and India. As the global demand for palm oil grew, environmental groups were concerned about the impact of palm oil industry on the social and natural environment, such as loss of forest ecosystems, environmental damage, soil degradation, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. They were pressuring palm oil producers, including Wilmar, to take action to address these issues. By late 2010, Wilmar had two strategic initiatives to drive future growth. It was poised to acquire Sucrogen, Australia's largest sugar company with operations in sugar milling and refining, bioethanol production and generation of renewable electricity. It was also expanding into sub-Saharan Africa, where many governments were keen to support the development of commercially managed large-scale oil palm projects. However, as in Asia, palm oil producers and governments could expect to encounter pressure from environmental groups with regard to possible adverse effects. The challenge was to manage these initiatives and the environmentalists' demands for more sustainable operations.

Since the formation of Netflix and Zipcar, many companies founded on the sharing model have flourished into well-established businesses. In this article, the authors have organized the thousands of examples of collaborative consumption into three general types of systems.

The case examines Ritz's processes, leadership, technology, systems, and people as they align to achieve long term goals. In 1992, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel chain won the top US industry prize for excellence in quality and service. However, customer demand for value, as well as growing competition within the hotel industry, was making it harder for the company to continue this legacy. Students learn about Ritz-Carlton's history and corporate philosophy, and analyze the challenges of being a quality service provider. Issues addressed include how the company should remedy defects in its customer service, achieve its customer retention goals, and maintain a culture of service while experiencing rapid growth.

In 2004 the biggest problem the online shoe retailer Zappos faced was how to staff its customer call center with dedicated, high-caliber service reps. The company's headquarters were in San Francisco, where the high cost of living-and the upwardly mobile Silicon Valley mentality-deterred people from making customer service a career. Although it is an internet company, Zappos finds that most customers telephone at least once at some point. Its philosophy is to view every one of the thousands of phone calls and e-mails it receives daily as an opportunity to build the very best customer service into the brand. To do that, Zappos would need to find call center reps elsewhere. But the outsourcing possibilities were disappointing, and the company's previous experience with using vendors for warehousing and shipping had been poor. Hsieh and his team realized that customer service should permeate the whole company, not just one department. So they decided to move their headquarters to Las Vegas, a 24/7 city where employees are used to working late hours and the economy is focused on hospitality. Surprisingly, more than 75% of the staff was willing to relocate, and the company culture became even stronger as a result of the move. Although Amazon now owns Zappos-which has expanded into clothing, housewares, cosmetics, and other items-Hsieh's customer service still strives to make a personal connection with shoppers. He calls the Zappos reps the best in the world.

The notion that companies must go above and beyond in their customer service activities is so entrenched that managers rarely examine it. But a study of more than 75,000 people interacting with contact center representatives or using self-service channels found that over-the-top efforts make little difference: All customers really want is a simple, quick solution to their problem. The Corporate Executive Board's Dixon and colleagues describe five loyalty-building tactics that every company should adopt: Reduce the need for repeat calls by anticipating and dealing with related downstream issues; arm reps to address the emotional side of customer interactions; minimize the need for customers to switch service channels; elicit and use feedback from disgruntled or struggling customers; and focus on problem solving, not speed. The authors also introduce the Customer Effort Score and show that it is a better predictor of loyalty than customer satisfaction measures or the Net Promoter Score. And they make available to readers a related diagnostic tool, the Customer Effort Audit. They conclude that we are reaching a tipping point that may presage the end of the telephone as the main channel for service interactions-and that managers therefore have an opportunity to rebuild their service organizations and put reducing customer effort firmly at the core, where it belongs.

Playa Dorada Beach & Resort in Boca Raton, Florida, faces a growing seasonal demand for tennis services. The number of guests is expected to double in the next few years, and while the tennis facilities are a popular and well-promoted amenity at the resort, court space is limited. The director of tennis operations analyzes court capacity, usage history, pricing, and other factors as he assembles a plan for expansion. He must also consider how his strategy affects other divisions of the Playa Dorada Corporation, including finance, operations, marketing, and sales. Can he transform the resort's tennis operations into a profit center? To prepare for case discussion, students complete a quantitative analysis of past and expected future usage of the tennis facilities and formulate a growth strategy.

Spreadsheet Supplement for 4221.

This is the fourth in a 35-year series of HBS cases on an organization that has changed the rules of the game globally for an entire industry by offering both differentiated and low-price service. The focus of the case is on whether Southwest Airlines should buy gates and slots to initiate service to New York's LaGuardia airport, which does not fit the airline's profile for cost, ease of service, and other factors. The bigger issue is how the organization should deal with competition that has successfully emulated more and more of what it does in an operating environment that has changed significantly. Hence the subtitle, which was suggested by Herb Kelleher, Southwest's Chairman and CEO, Emeritus.

The case describes how AXA, a global insurance company headquartered in Paris, France, defined and implemented its new brand in May 2008. This is exactly 3 years after CEO Henri de Castries launched the initiative "Ambition 2012" aimed at doubling revenues and tripling underlying earnings between 2004 and 2012 and turning AXA into "the preferred company" in financial protection. In order to become "preferred" among consumers; AXA needed to differentiate itself from its competitors. But, the brand attributes - including the signature "Be Life Confident" - didn't seem to be totally up to it. In 2007-2008, Claude Brunet, AXA's Chief Operating Officer, led a project to investigate and reinforce the brand. He strengthened marketing through the creation of a Group marketing department reporting to him which was responsible for strategic marketing and customer insight, offer and innovation, customer programs and quality of service, distribution, and brand and advertising. The voices of executives, customers and employees were then thoroughly analyzed. This fed the AXA Brand Spirit, a multidisciplinary task force made responsible for proposing action to the management board. The research concluded that the three main core attributes for AXA were "available", "attentive", and "reliable". The AXA Brand Spirit decided AXA ought to "continuously work to prove it is worth trusting". This meant exiting the "land of promise" and settling into a "land of proof". This would be the spirit of the new signature "redefining / standards". The new AXA brand was launched internally on May 27, 2008 with a worldwide online forum in which 55,000 employees participated. Learning objectives: Brand management is more than designing a new logo and creating a new value proposition. The case shows the importance of building emotional momentum within a service organization and using brand management as a catalyst for a deeper cultural change.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. When Peter Drucker first proposed his "marketing concept" back in 1954, the notion that meeting customer needs better than your competition as the driver of business success was a radical idea. Today most managers agree that achieving sustainable profit growth requires having a clear, relevant customer promise; delivering on that promise; improving it; innovating; and supporting all of that with an organization that's open to new ideas and market feedback. However, achieving all of this is difficult. Despite management's tendency toward wishful thinking, the authors believe managers can come to terms with their company's weaknesses by posing a set of five questions specifically designed to uncover their vulnerabilities. Drawing on examples from companies including Apple, Google, Procter & Gamble and Toyota, the authors explain the importance of each of these questions. "For those who are prepared to ask the tough questions and willing to hear the answers," they write, "the potential benefits to the business are significant.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. User-generated content platforms, open source software, crowdsourcing and knowledge markets -these are all possible only because of the "social web," the interlinked virtual universe that to so many executives seems to offer the irresistible promise of providing something -ideas, work, decisions -for (almost) nothing, if only they could manage it right. Managing it right means understanding that even though the new platforms are all about harnessing crowds and communities, in the end those crowds and communities are nothing but a sum of individuals. And your company's social web efforts will succeed only to the extent that you are able to attract good individuals, motivate them to perform good work, and empower them to get to know and trust one another enough to collaborate toward the end goals of the community. The question is, How do you do that? The answer: by capitalizing on the motivational power of in reputation -that is, by designing and building an online reputation system that triggers and nourishes the kind of web community that will serve your company's needs. Using examples such as Amazon, eBay, Epinions and Yelp, the author describes how design choices of a reputation system can profoundly affect a community's culture, making an otherwise collaborative and cordial community into a competitive and even combative space.

Identifying the right business model for addressing global customers and formalizing that model into a global customer management program is a key challenge for any firm with global aspirations. The key to success is embedding the program firmly within the firm's corporate strategy. Simply leveraging domestic or regional account management into such a program will not deliver the desired results. This article presents a framework for successfully introducing a global customer management program, describing key challenges companies face at each stage of the process. It also identifies specific strategies and key principles to help firms transition to becoming truly customer-centric on a global basis.

Ledina Lushko was diagnosed with Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma in 2008 and sought care at a highly regarded medical institution in the United States. This case lays out her journey through the health care system in detail and all of the effort involved in finding appropriate care. It is meant not to illustrate good or bad care, but to reflect on the nature of the current health care delivery system and serve as a starting point for discussion.

Supplement to case A00024. Towards the end of 90s, mounting losses forced Madhya Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (MPSRTC), the sole provider of public transport in Madhya Pradesh, to suspend their urban services. As a consequence, organized public transport services ceased to exist in Indore, the largest metropolitan city of the state of Madhya Pradesh. This void was filled by Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) consisting of minibuses, tempos and auto rickshaws. As of January 2004, 300 private minibuses, 150 tempos, and 10,000 auto rickshaws were plying as IPT, but with poor service levels. Lack of public transport was a catalyst for rapid increase in personalized vehicles, and high level of pollution and accidents. Worried over the rapid growth of personalized vehicles, and high levels of pollution and accidents in Indore, policy makers and administrators had made several attempts of reviving the public transport system in the city. In 2005, the Collector and District Magistrate of Indore decided to make another attempt of reviving the public transport. The two cases, Indore City Bus Transport Service (A) and Indore City Bus Transport Service (B) discuss the complexity involved in the planning, rolling out, and running of public transport services in Indore on a sustainable basis. Case (A) details the prevalent socio-economic condition, travel characteristics, and positions taken by various stakeholders on provisioning of public transport service in Indore as of November 2005. Case (B) discusses the challenges during the growth and operation of the services as of June 2008. Unprecedented rise in crude oil prices along with (i) increase in maintenance cost of buses, price of new buses, and bank interest and (ii) decrease/marginal increase in the fare box revenue (more people were shifting to passes) and advertisement revenue depleted the margin of the operators. The fares had not been increased since the launch of services in February 2006.

Towards the end of 90s, mounting losses forced Madhya Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (MPSRTC), the sole provider of public transport in Madhya Pradesh, to suspend their urban services. As a consequence, organized public transport services ceased to exist in Indore, the largest metropolitan city of the state of Madhya Pradesh. This void was filled by Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) consisting of minibuses, tempos and auto rickshaws. As of January 2004, 300 private minibuses, 150 tempos, and 10,000 auto rickshaws were plying as IPT, but with poor service levels. Lack of public transport was a catalyst for rapid increase in personalized vehicles, and high level of pollution and accidents. Worried over the rapid growth of personalized vehicles, and high levels of pollution and accidents in Indore, policy makers and administrators had made several attempts of reviving the public transport system in the city. In 2005, the Collector and District Magistrate of Indore decided to make another attempt of reviving the public transport. The two cases, Indore City Bus Transport Service (A) and Indore City Bus Transport Service (B) discuss the complexity involved in the planning, rolling out, and running of public transport services in Indore on a sustainable basis.

Appropriate for marketing and operations management courses. The director of CS at a customer-focused catalog electronics company has asked a Six Sigma Black Belt for assistance in evaluating several ideas to effectively obtain and analyze feedback from users of its CS department. A Design For Six Sigma project was run six years previously and discovering why the company used the Six Sigma project, as opposed to one of the many new customer-satisfaction-survey tools available from third-party vendors is a goal. Students are asked to discuss the Design For Six Sigma methodology as it applies to the project.