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After various failed attempts at finding employment for his son with Down Syndrome, Ong Chin Wah, along with four other caregivers of youths with intellectual disability (PIDs) decided to take matters into their own hands. In 2011, they started a cooperative 'Employment for Persons with Intellectual Disability (E4PID)', with its flagship initiative, 'Mushroom Buddies', a social project operated largely by people with intellectual disabilities. The urban farm started with help from a waste management company that offered to sponsor containers retrofitted to grow mushrooms, using the space leased from the Singapore government at a highly subsidised rate. As at June 2023, the farm employed seven PIDs and produced 5-12 kg of mushroom every day that were sold to local restaurants, walk-in customers and at farmers' markets. Mushroom Buddies gave the member caregivers more control over the work environment and the terms of employment, which helped create a model for sustainable, gainful employment for their special needs youth and the opportunity to support more intellectually disabled youth from the community. The founders are acutely aware of the constraints and capabilities their employees have, and recognised that the work needs to be structured and repetitive. 'Mushroom Buddies' was the first successful project by E4PID and while the initial progress is encouraging, for it to sustain and flourish, Ong needs to scale it and find more venture ideas, volunteers, and funds. This case can be used for graduate, post-graduate, and executive classes. Discussion of this case allows students to analyse the issues employees with intellectual disabilities encounter in the workplace.

This case is set in late 2021, when the food and beverage (F&B) industry globally had been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Tim Ang was an analyst at Singapore Management University's Institute of Service Excellence (ISE), which had been established to help raise the performance of the service sector in Singapore. Since its inception in 2008, ISE had conducted an annual study measuring the Customer Satisfaction Index of Singapore (CSISG). The CSISG covered more than 20 sub-sectors and measured over 100 companies from finance, insurance, info-communications, transportation, retail, F&B, healthcare, education, tourism, hotels, and more. Data for the customer satisfaction study for the F&B sector was typically collected in the third quarter of every year, and results were released to both the media and industry. The 2021 study revealed that while customer satisfaction and loyalty levels had remained generally unchanged for most of the F&B sector, Cafés and Coffee Houses saw a significant decline in both metrics. Yet despite the challenges, Ang believed there were significant service gaps and opportunities which could be leveraged. A detailed analysis of underperforming areas and customer preferences should provide F&B entrepreneurs with insights on potential opportunities to address industry pain points and capture market share.

In summer 2021, School of Rock was a youth-oriented music education company with 291 franchise- and company-owned schools globally. Before CEO Rob Price's hire in 2017, School of Rock's nonconformist rock 'n' roll culture led to variability in teaching styles, educational outcomes, and risks for copyright violations. The previous administration's attempts to standardize curriculum and processes led to friction with franchisees. Price smoothed over the tension by better listening to franchisees and clarifying core policies while giving franchisees freedom in certain areas. One of Price's major initiatives was the Method App which provided a structure to empower and guide work at the school branches, featuring nearly 100 show programs and 1,000 copyright-compliant song choices tagged with the associated skill levels, musical concepts, and corresponding show programs. When the app launched as a minimum viable product (MVP) in October 2019, it struggled to gain traction. Some franchisees felt the MVP's functionality was flawed; others worried that the app threatened their pedagogical independence. Price's team considered several options to increase adoption: a listening tour to communicate the app's value and collect feedback for improvements; an exclusive marketing campaign for schools with a minimum level of app usage; and incentives based on School of Rock's balanced scorecard that measured performance and other metrics. Which one or more of these options would drive app adoption without reigniting tension between franchisees and the corporate office?

Set in January 2020, this case explores the journey of Praful Chandawarkar, the founder director of Chiranjeev Restaurants and Foods Private Limited, and his core team as they transform their business. After a successful career as an investment banker, Chandawarkar, and his wife, Cheeru, a highly talented chef, decided to pursue their passion and embark on the journey of entrepreneurship. In 1997, they established Malaka Spice, a restaurant specializing in Southeast Asian cuisine, in Pune. Over the course of a decade, they expanded rapidly across multiple cities in India. However, Chandawarkar confronted a personal tragedy when his wife succumbed to cancer. This loss made him take a step back to reflect and reevaluate his approach, crystallizing his personal belief that the primary purpose of an enterprise must be the well-being of people. He realized that he needed not only personal transformation as a leader but also a shift in his approach. Seeking the guidance of a leadership coach, he underwent a personal transformation and introduced new work practices to enhance both employee and organizational performance. He placed a strong emphasis on collective well-being and introduced business practices aimed at enhancing the well-being of all stakeholders, both within and outside the organization. The case presents the story of how Chandawarkar and his team changed their approach and work practices, which led to significant changes such as diversification of the group and accelerated growth. The case concludes with the challenge faced by the organization, especially within the context of the hospitality industry, as the threat of lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic looms large.

The case is set in August 2022 and traces the transformation of the post office (PO) in Kamathipura, Mumbai. Kamathipura is one of the largest and oldest red-light districts in India. Swati Pandey, a bureaucrat working for India Post-an Indian-government-run postal service under the Ministry of Communications-was the Postmaster General (PMG) of the Mumbai region and was responsible for the over 200 POs spread across the city, including the Kamathipura PO. The commercial sex workers (CSWs) living in Kamathipura faced relentless discrimination due to the stigma around their occupation. Apart from this, most of the women residing in this area had been either forced into this profession or trafficked; therefore, many of them lacked official identity documents and did not understand financial tools. When they did approach banks and other financial institutions to get started, they were shooed away or leered at by the male staff. They had been alienated by the ecosystem of financial inclusion and excluded from it. Pandey was deeply moved by the dire social and financial circumstances of the CSWs, and wanted to transform the Kamathipura PO into a safe space for them, only find solace and support, but also gain education about financial planning.

Sept 2022. Corinne Avelines, SIBIUS's CEO, had received the news that the results of the first large-scale test of the company's first product had just been published. The test, conducted with children between 3 and 4 years old, validated their approach to early detection of autism. The technology was grounded in research showing that it was possible to identify many atypical cognitive behaviors by simply tracking eye movements in test patients. Digitrack dramatically simplified that process by digitizing it, allowing it to be used on any personal tablet device. The method was proposed as a screening, detection support and outcome tracking tool for a variety of clinical conditions, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Alzheimer (a form of dementia), among many cognitive conditions. But with the early test validation came business questions that kept Corinne extremely busy. Which market should they first target for this tool? Clearly, its versatility was an asset but each target market (healthcare professionals, concerned parents, etc.) required a differentiated approach. Speed was also of the essence to capture the huge potential in mental health, putting pressure on quickly finding the money to fund the rapid scale-up. High on her mind was also the potential conflict between monetizing the technology aggressively and making a massive difference in the lives of so many young patients and their families, i.e. how to balance the harsh realities of business and investors with those of mental health sufferers and society in general. Despite the promising field test results and numerous shows of support, she had little to show in terms of financial commitments at this point. It was time to revisit the assumptions and all features of the business model to ensure a future for this promising technology.

This case features the actual responses of an organizational President who finds himself in the midst of a murder within his organization, which occurred while he was out of town and out of touch. His statements are the case data. Background information at the start of the case describes a leader who was largely uninformed and unaware of deadly internal threats that preceded the murder by nearly a year. Rather than focusing on traditional communication guidelines (e.g., word or delivery choices), attention here centers on inferences, implications, and promises embedded in the President's communications. Verbatim quotes offer opportunities to consider potential assumptions and evaluations of internal and external stakeholders, as well as impacts and limitations to paths forward for the organization and the President.

Jason Kelce, an NFL player and athlete recognized around the world, had built a strong personal brand over the course of his career. He had reinvented himself and worked hard at honing his own personal branding, successively building a successful platform for each venture and staying forward-looking about his future after retiring from football. By 2023, Kelce was at a crossroads. He was not quite ready to hang up his Philadelphia Eagles jersey, and he knew that managing his own personal brand was a full-time endeavour as well. What was the best way to further develop his brand so that it would continue to flourish post-NFL career? What kinds of projects should Kelce take on next?

BYJU'S first entered India's test preparation industry in 2007 with technology-enabled learning, when the market was uncontested, allowing the company to grow steadily until 2015 and achieve unicorn status in the industry in 2017. However, many new organizations started joining the technology-focused learning sector in 2014-15, greatly reducing the market share BYJU'S was enjoying before it was challenged. By 2020, with many new educational technology start-ups in the market, the industry was valued at US$1.43 billion. BYJU'S dominated the market with a 57 per cent share, but the founder knew that the market was no longer uncontested. Therefore, to retain its position as a market leader, BYJU'S acquired firms rapidly. The strategy, however, soon led to financial crises and catastrophic losses. From 2007 to 2015, BYJU'S created high levels of value before switching to a growth strategy of rapid and numerous acquisitions, leading to cash crunches and financial challenges. How could the founder turn his company around to regain the company's early success?

Bayer Crop Science AG (Bayer CS) was grappling with the critical issue of how to navigate the landscape of relevant technologies for innovation partnerships. The organization's structure was fragmented, with each business unit operating its own tech screening and sourcing processes. To tackle this, the Innovation Sourcing Team introduced InnovationFlow, a digital platform. This platform formed the core of Bayer CS' scouting network, enabling their employees' efficient external scouting and idea leveraging. The case study centres on evaluating this platform and the emerging challenges during its rapid growth. It showcases the dynamic nature of digital ecosystem development, where technology, organizational change, and effective innovation sourcing intersect.

Following its disastrous market entry into the United Kingdom in 2019, due to immediate backlash from the LGBTQ+ community, Chick-fil-A, the US$16 billion conservative Christian fast-food company, named a new chief executive officer in 2021, Andrew Truett Cathy. By inheriting the privately-held, family-owned empire, Cathy faced a monumental task, made more difficult when he appointed a vice president of diversity, equity, and inclusion, which sparked calls for a boycott from conservative groups and claims that "the company had gone woke." To make matters worse, Chick-fil-A was in the middle of a worldwide chicken sandwich war, fighting against many competitors, including McDonald's, Popeyes, and Wendy's. As August 2023 came to a close, how could Andrew Cathy, newly minted third generation chief executive officer of Chick-fil-A, avoid the curse of wealth destruction and simultaneously fight culture and chicken wars?

J P Landgoed (PTY) LTD (J P Landgoed), a mandarin fruit farm in Limpopo, South Africa, was founded by Cobus Beetge in 2014. The firm grew from a few mandarin trees to a well-established export-oriented company. In July 2021, at the peak of the harvest season, Beetge received an email from the Citrus Growers Association of South Africa. The email stated that although port activities in Durban had resumed and the port was fully operational capacity following looting and riots in KwaZulu-Natal province, the backlog was severe and most cold-storage facilities were at capacity; as such, Durban harbour was not accepting any further consignments. This meant uncertainty for J P Landgoed, with the firm having to deal with confined consignments due to the backlog as well as others scheduled for dispatch from the farm. Beetge called a meeting with his financial manager, Francois Venter, to discuss the issue and come up with a solution.

In February 2023, the Care for Wild founder and her team were planning for the future of their organization. Care for Wild had recently received a request from a potential international donor to outline the interdependencies for the social, ecological, and organizational aspects of the operation to determine how funding could help strengthen these areas. Care for Wild was a not-for-profit rhinoceros sanctuary based in South Africa that was facing various challenges and opportunities. Over the course of the organization's first 12 years, Care for Wild had been committed to helping rescue and rehabilitate injured and orphaned rhinos, a species that was at threat of extinction. The founder was aware that a healthy and holistic system approach was needed for Care for Wild's future. She was now tasked with articulating the complexities and interdependencies between these two areas. Her response to the potential donor's request would also reinforce the importance of resilience within the organization's socio-ecological environment.

Josh Domingues had accomplished what countless young entrepreneurs long to achieve: founding a promising company that aspires to make the world a tangibly better place. Shocked to learn that international food waste cumulatively amounted to the world's third largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, he founded Flashfood in April of 2016 as part of a mission to drastically reduce food waste. A once-aspiring professional hockey player with no direct industry or technical experience, Domingues was hardly the top pick to solve the crisis. Nevertheless, he set his sights on grocery stores, figuring them as not only substantial contributors to the food waste epidemic, but also practical sites to produce value for consumers, particularly those most in need. His vision driving him relentlessly onward, by November of that year, he had a working app and had secured a pilot with a specialty grocer in Canada. By mid-November, however, the dream quickly seemed to be slipping into a nightmare. Only partway through the pilot, everything was already in chaos. A lack of in-store coordination, a yet-clunky app, and an increasingly irritated district manager spelled growing disaster for Domingues. Did he pull the trigger too early in launching this venture? Maybe he should have built a more solid financial nest egg? Should he really have done this alone, or was entrepreneurship more of a team sport? To make matters more complicated, Domingues was beginning to see interest-and actual financial investment-from other sectors. Maybe he should switch to the restaurant industry, or even partner with a farmer in developing a direct-to-consumer model, and jettison grocery altogether? Despite his inspirational vision, the road that lay ahead of Domingues remained fraught with uncertainty, if only his commitment could see him through.

ECOALF, a Spanish fashion brand and sustainability pioneer, aimed to tackle the industry's challenges of excessive consumption and production. The brand's mission was to create timeless apparel exclusively from recycled and eco-responsible materials, matching the quality and design of the best non-recycled alternatives on the market. ECOALF sought to demonstrate that success extended far beyond the reaches of financial profitability, though expanding the business was sometimes at odds with the brand's ambitious goal of achieving net-zero carbon emissions. Could ECOALF reconcile purpose and profit?

In September 2023, John Ridding, CEO of the Financial Times, was considering the possible impact of Generative AI on the industry and his business. Having navigated successfully the seismic shift from print to digital, and reporting record results, the company was debating how to harness the power of generative AI. The case therefore is an example of a successful business confronting a new paradigm in its market which will impact many of the industry's power and profit dynamics, making it appropriate for teaching Porter's Five Forces, S-curves, corporate innovation, sources of value and competitive advantage.

In 2019, the three Do sons, Nam, Hoa and Giang were shocked when their parents, Mr Hanh and Mdm Nghi, announced that they would hand over the joint running of their two companies-Dai Viet (DV) and Chien Thang (CT), to them. Since 1999, the Do family had consecutively founded and operated multiple sanitary- and porcelainware factory businesses that included Mdm Nghi's CT in 2002, and the family's DV Group, in 2013. CT and DV were vastly different in their employee base, organisational cultures, and operational processes. Unfortunately, given their proximity at work, cracks soon appeared when family disputes started affecting company operations, and vice versa. This disrupted decision-making at times and escalated to the point of shouting matches in front of employees. Eventually, by early 2019, Mr Hanh and Mdm Nghi were adamant that the brothers had to learn to work with one another to eventually merge and manage the two companies together. Giang however, being the only son who had worked with his father through complex financial and operational challenges, felt the crushing weight of responsibility bearing down on him. He wondered if the two companies ought to be merged despite the cultural, operational, and personal differences. Alternatively, he could hire professional consultants to help iron out the various issues in both companies. The most drastic measure would be to consider selling one of the companies. If so, which of the two companies should the family sell? Their parents had worked hard to grow DV and CT-what would they think if their sons sold off the embodiment of their legacy in the sanitary- and porcelainware industry?

This case, a follow-up to "WillowTree: Project Driven with a Product Mindset (A)" (UVA-S-0338), examines WillowTree, a digital products company that is navigating the implications of employees returning to the office after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and also coping with increased employee desire to continue working from home. It explores the shift in client contract preferences toward more flexible, team-oriented models and the subsequent adjustments in team formation and collaboration strategies. The case also delves into how WillowTree measured and responded to client and team sentiment, and the effect transitioning back to office work had on WillowTree's employee satisfaction and organizational culture. The case highlights the resilience and adaptability of digital businesses that previously relied on colocated teams to develop and deliver its products. The managerial dilemma posed by this follow-up case is: What is an optimal policy for returning to work in the office? This decision will define the company's future.

ASML Holding NV (ASML) was a leading technology company headquartered in the Netherlands that specialized in the design and production of advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment. It had a global presence, with operations in Asia, Europe, and North America. Its unique chip manufacturing technology was essential for the development of technology products from military equipment and laundry machines to the smartphones in peoples' pockets. ASML produced complex and consequential products that were the foundations of the modern economy. Because of this, ASML played a significant role in global geopolitics and found itself in the middle of the West's increasing efforts to control exports of semiconductor technology to China. In December 2022, a couple of months after the US government unilaterally restricted exports of chip technology to China, ASML faced a strategic crossroads: should it maximize company profits and ignore Western policy by engaging China, or should it weigh the pitfalls of ignoring the West's political decision to block China from essential technology and disengage from its business with the People's Republic of China?

In July 2021, a major supply-side crisis in Nigeria forced the Dangote Tomato Processing Co. Limited plant of Dangote Farming to operate at just 20 per cent of its production capacity. Since its inception in 2016, the plant was shut down several times due to a shortage of fresh tomatoes of the required quality. Although the Nigerian government supported Dangote Farming by pursuing pro-tomato and pro-tomato-paste policies, it was unable to operate its processing plant at full capacity, reduce per-unit cost, and improve profitability. Due to various constraints, several tomato processing plants had exited the Nigerian market in the past several years. In view of persistent supply-side problems and tough competition from low-priced Chinese tomato paste, Dangote Farming needed to decide about the continuity of its tomato processing plant in the Nigerian market. If it decided to remain in the market, then it needed to devise strategies that could make the plant competitive and profitable.