個案總覽

Describes the steps the vice-president of human resources takes in revamping an HR function that was noncooperative and, at times, competitive and introducing the company to the notion of HR as a strategic business partner. Explores changes made to the company's compensation, performance management, and succession planning processes. Teaching Purpose: To allow students to think strategically about reorganizing the human resources department to support business strategy and serve as a business partner.

On June 8, 1998, California-based Wells Fargo and Minneapolis banking company Norwest announced a "merger of equals" in a stock deal valued at $34 billion and one that created the Western Hemisphere's most extensive and diversified financial services network. The Wells-Norwest combined company would have $191 billion in assets, more than 90,000 employees, approximately 20 million customers, and 5,777 financial services "stores" (mortgage, consumer finance, or banking stores) in 50 states, Canada, the Caribbean, Latin America, and internationally. The new combined company, Wells Fargo & Co., would be the sixth largest bank in the United States and have the largest supermarket branch network and the largest Internet bank of any U.S. bank. With the merger, Paul Hazen, chairman and CEO of Wells Fargo at the time, became chairman of the new organization. Richard Kovacevich, chairman and CEO of Norwest, became president and CEO of the new organization. Despite Kovacevich's and Hazen's enthusiasm for the merger, they had a series of potential barriers to overcome: First, Wells Fargo and Norwest had contrasting cultures--Norwest was known for customer service and a superior sales culture, whereas Wells Fargo was a leader in online banking and technology, with a focus on efficiency. Second, in 1998, Wells Fargo was still in the process of overcoming a merger with First Interstate that was widely considered a failure. Finally, many industry analysts viewed the Wells-Norwest merger with much caution. Given such barriers, Kovacevich and his team wondered how they could overcome such issues through an optimal integration strategy and effective execution toward that plan.

JetBlue will begin flying out of Boston's Logan Airport-and American Airlines was feeling the heat. JetBlue was growing eight times faster than Southwest Airlines, the longtime leader among low-cost carriers, and the rapidly expanding low-cost segment of the industry-30% of all U.S. flights, projected to rise to 40% by 2006-presented an increasing challenge to the "major" airlines. For American, JetBlue's entrance into Boston via Logan signaled a moment of reckoning. Should the airline opt for a standard competitive response, such as price reductions and frequent flyer programs? Should it take on JetBlue at Logan only, or across all the markets where it would compete with the low-cost challenger? American must weigh the importance of the Boston market in its overall economic picture and the potential responses of other airlines to whatever action it takes. This case reviews the economic conditions affecting the airline industry; the business models of three main types of airlines-major, low-cost, and regional-and their strengths and vulnerabilities in terms of recent competitive market conditions. The B case involves American's counter-attack and the C case the responses of other airlines and JetBlue, including an examination of the resulting financial and market costs and benefits.

Provides an update on CEO Michael Armstrong's "Project Grand Slam" strategy to build the value of AT&T by offering a complete, integrated telecommunications solution to both corporate and residential customers, including wireless and wire line telephone, Internet, cable television, and network management. By July 2004, AT&T sold its cable business to Comcast, sold its wireless business to Cingular, and was downgraded to junk bond status. Soon thereafter, AT&T announced that it would abandon its local telephone service due to a ruling by the FCC that made them uncompetitive as resellers. The strategic question is whether AT&T can find ways to grow and create value for its shareholders, or is it time to sell out to one of the RBOCs?

Provides a broad overview of economic and political developments in Spain from the 1940s to the present day. Examines the emergence of Spain from the Franco dictatorship and its convergence into a vibrant democracy, as reflected in the surprising election results of 2004. Also describes the economic transformation of Spain and permits discussion of the interrelationships between the economic and political dynamics. Highlights the role the European Union (EU) played as an inspirational goal and institutional constraint on how Spain developed both economically and politically. Discuses in greater detail the Spanish labor market and the evolution of unemployment levels in Spain. Also looks at the role of terrorism in a society such as Spain's, with reference to both the Basque separatist terrorism of ETA and the international terrorism associated with the Atocha station bombings in 2004.

Professor Robert Langer's laboratory at MIT is the source of an unusually large number of published papers, patents, and technology licenses to start-up and established companies in the biomedical industry. Explores Langer's leadership and other factors that create a successful research enterprise.

Describes the evolution of the American Medical Association from its origin in 1847 to 1997, when two-thirds of physicians chose not to join the association.

This case discusses the problem of balancing demand and supply of professionals over time using a fictional scenario.

Today, roughly 30 countries are classified as "emerging markets" by the World Bank. Investor interest in these markets has grown substantially over time. During the first half of the 1990s, privatization and economic liberalization that took place across emerging market countries substantially enlarged the set of emerging market securities available to foreign investors and thereby provided a strong and decisive impulse for portfolio investments in emerging markets. The purpose of this technical note is to describe some key characteristics of emerging capital markets and compare them with those of developed and less-developed or frontier markets. This technical note is the first of three notes on emerging markets. See also UVA-F-1454 and UVA-F-1455.

Team and Concepts Ltd. (TnC), an IT company founded by David Lee and his partners in 2003, was not a typical small business. Its owners were innovative, business-savvy entrepreneurs with audacious goals who worked daily to grow the business and transform it into a successful company. Such a transformation required comprehensive changes in many aspects of the business. Facilitating this transition required enhanced managerial, financial, marketing, and R&D capacities. In 2004, the company was facing the challenge of working with new investors and partners who would likely set conditions for the business and require it to adopt new behaviors and a new management structure. TnC was also exploring the trade-offs between acquiring outside funds and retaining control to make wise decisions about its future strategy.

Rakuten, a native Japanese, e-commerce start-up and highly successful company, is expanding into new categories and new countries. It must figure out how to continue its trajectory of growth and profitability. A rewritten version of an earlier case.

Alibris, an online marketplace for rare, used, and out-of-print books, is trying to communicate to the professional book dealers who are its main suppliers that they are in the middle of a crisis. Supply is flooding the market, in part from individuals who simply want to clean out their bookshelves and make a bit of money. These individuals' sales are facilitated by a number of online merchants, including Alibris, Half.com, Amazon.com, and eBay. Alibris has built a number of powerful capabilities to help both buyers and sellers of books. Among these is a pricing service that allows sellers to set market prices for their books automatically. Alibris wants to encourage its dealers to use this service: the problem is that most market prices are far below the prices dealers have set for their books.

This case explores the use of EVA--economic value added--methodology at Asahi Glass. EVA is among the changes initiated by the CEO aimed at transforming Asahi Glass from a traditional Japanese company to a global firm. Other changes included a corporate reorganization into worldwide business groups, the appointment of non-Japanese managers to key positions, and corporate governance reforms. The EVA methodology was introduced to improve resource allocation across Asahi's numerous businesses around the world and to evaluate the managerial performance of top executives. It examines how the company calculated EVA and, in particular, how it calculated the weighted average cost of capital for its different businesses in different countries. Is Asahi Glass gaining benefits from the EVA methodology, and does it contribute to the transformation of Asahi Glass into a truly international firm?

Lilly and ICOS are preparing for the launch of a new drug, Cialis, to compete against Viagra. To position against the incumbent firm Pfizer, which developed and markets Viagra, and other newcomers into the erectile dysfunction market, they must determine how best to segment the market and which target market to focus on. The marketing plan should take advantage of Cialis's medical profile. In particular, they must pay special attention to the communication strategy to patients, physicians, and partners. The analysis, plan, and action should take into account extensive market research and recent competitive developments. Includes color exhibits.

OnStar, a provider of in-vehicle safety, security, and information services called "telematics," was founded in 1995 as a collaborative venture among General Motors (GM), EDS, and Hughes Electronics Corp. Safety and security services, including roadside assistance, emergency help after a crash, remote diagnostics, and stolen vehicle tracking, were the cornerstones of OnStar's offering. In addition, OnStar provided its customers with a 24-hour connection to convenience services such as navigation and route guidance, vehicle location assistance, and personal concierge services. To generate more revenues, OnStar expanded its offering to luxury vehicles of other auto manufacturers. Looking back, Chet Huber, OnStar president, was quite satisfied with the company's achievements since it was founded: OnStar's subscriber base had grown to more than 2 million and the company was routinely recognized as the leading telematics provider in the world. OnStar was also delivering benefits to its parent company, GM. By maintaining one-to-one relationships with customers, OnStar helped GM sell more cars and trucks, strengthen customer loyalty, and improve operational efficiency. Although revenues for the world market of in-car telematics terminals were expected to reach $20 billion by 2010, competition in the market was intensifying. Richard Wagoner, GM's CEO, and Huber needed to explore a number of strategic and operational questions around the future of OnStar: How would OnStar create ongoing value to GM? How should OnStar position itself to gain high acceptance and subscription renewal rates? What further strategic partnerships should OnStar form to maintain its leadership? How should GM leverage the continuous stream of vehicle and customer data it received from OnStar?

This case tells the story of the establishment and growth of public television in New Jersey, focused on the rise and fall of its first executive director, Lawrence Frymire. It implicitly raises the question of why Frymire-someone with a distinguished broadcasting career who had overseen the network of publicly-owned stations for a decade and had been responsible for getting them on the air in the first place-seemed suddenly to lose the confidence of the gubernatorially-appointed board to whom he reported. Were the motives of the board, and perhaps New Jersey's Governor, high-minded or narrowly political? What warning signs might Frymire have noted to forestall his dismissal? The case provides a vehicle for discussion about the politics of public authorities and the careers of those who work for them. HKS Case Number 1772.0

The Denver office of Clarion Co., a $30 million, full-service marketing firm, has always been a politics-free zone. Nonwork conversations revolve around families, romances, and the state of the powder at Aspen. If the office sometimes seems detached from the wider world, no one cares. But that all changes with the arrival of Marcus Lippman. A senior project manager hired away from a rival firm in Chicago, Marcus is both charming and aggressive about meeting his new colleagues. During morning encounters in the mail room or kitchenette, he often alludes to the day's headlines. In particular, Marcus follows the presidential campaign with an avidity his colleagues reserve for the fate of contestants on American Idol. Those informed enough to respond, generally do so. Over time, others join in. Politics soon enters the office bloodstream. Employees sense a new energy, a feeling of engagement that intensifies as the campaign season progresses. Many employees make contacts in the business community as they pursue extracurricular political activities. But there are downsides as well. Out-of-control e-mail debates sap productivity. Feelings get hurt. And general manager Joan Mungo discovers that political views play an important part in determining who rises to power in the company. As tensions mount, Joan wonders: Should she do something to stanch political debate and, if so, what? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0410A and R0410Z are Brian Flynn, the CEO of Schlossberg:Flynn, a business development consulting firm; Frank Furedi, a professor of sociology at the University of Kent in England; Paula Brantner, the program director at Workplace Fairness, a nonprofit organization; and James E. Rogers, the CEO of Cinergy, a diversified energy company.

The Denver office of Clarion Co., a $30 million, full-service marketing firm, has always been a politics-free zone. Nonwork conversations revolve around families, romances, and the state of the powder at Aspen. If the office sometimes seems detached from the wider world, no one cares. But that all changes with the arrival of Marcus Lippman. A senior project manager hired away from a rival firm in Chicago, Marcus is both charming and aggressive about meeting his new colleagues. During morning encounters in the mail room or kitchenette, he often alludes to the day's headlines. In particular, Marcus follows the presidential campaign with an avidity his colleagues reserve for the fate of contestants on American Idol. Those informed enough to respond, generally do so. Over time, others join in. Politics soon enters the office bloodstream. Employees sense a new energy, a feeling of engagement that intensifies as the campaign season progresses. Many employees make contacts in the business community as they pursue extracurricular political activities. But there are downsides as well. Out-of-control e-mail debates sap productivity. Feelings get hurt. And general manager Joan Mungo discovers that political views play an important part in determining who rises to power in the company. As tensions mount, Joan wonders: Should she do something to stanch political debate and, if so, what? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0410A and R0410Z are Brian Flynn, the CEO of Schlossberg:Flynn, a business development consulting firm; Frank Furedi, a professor of sociology at the University of Kent in England; Paula Brantner, the program director at Workplace Fairness, a nonprofit organization; and James E. Rogers, the CEO of Cinergy, a diversified energy company.

The Denver office of Clarion Co., a $30 million, full-service marketing firm, has always been a politics-free zone. Nonwork conversations revolve around families, romances, and the state of the powder at Aspen. If the office sometimes seems detached from the wider world, no one cares. But that all changes with the arrival of Marcus Lippman. A senior project manager hired away from a rival firm in Chicago, Marcus is both charming and aggressive about meeting his new colleagues. During morning encounters in the mail room or kitchenette, he often alludes to the day's headlines. In particular, Marcus follows the presidential campaign with an avidity his colleagues reserve for the fate of contestants on American Idol. Those informed enough to respond, generally do so. Over time, others join in. Politics soon enters the office bloodstream. Employees sense a new energy, a feeling of engagement that intensifies as the campaign season progresses. Many employees make contacts in the business community as they pursue extracurricular political activities. But there are downsides as well. Out-of-control e-mail debates sap productivity. Feelings get hurt. And general manager Joan Mungo discovers that political views play an important part in determining who rises to power in the company. As tensions mount, Joan wonders: Should she do something to stanch political debate and, if so, what? Commenting on this fictional case study in R0410A and R0410Z are Brian Flynn, the CEO of Schlossberg:Flynn, a business development consulting firm; Frank Furedi, a professor of sociology at the University of Kent in England; Paula Brantner, the program director at Workplace Fairness, a nonprofit organization; and James E. Rogers, the CEO of Cinergy, a diversified energy company.

The spin-off of Iridium, a global telecommunications system, represented a significant business risk for Motorola, as many talented Motorola executives joined the venture in the late 1990s. This bold technology gamble suffered from numerous marketing missteps, which led to Iridium's bankruptcy in August 1999.