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It's wrong to think we're entering a world in which traditional marketing activities will become irrelevant. Yet the scale and speed of social media make it urgent to get the branding basics right. Remember the internet-fueled backlash against Dell's flammable laptops and Kryptonite's expensive but easily picked lock. The obvious danger is failing to keep pace with social media developments. An equal, less obvious danger is getting distracted by them and losing sight of the fundamentals. Brands should exploit new media's possibilities to deliver on four basics: offering and communicating a clear customer promise; building trust by delivering on it; continuously improving the promise; and innovating beyond the familiar. Virgin Atlantic does this by, for example, scanning travel websites to learn what people are saying; including travel tips from crew members on its Facebook page; communicating with customers on Twitter in rapidly changing situations; offering a taxi-sharing system to enhance its brand; and maintaining V-Travelled, a site where customers exchange stories and advice while they plan a big trip. As they experiment with social media, companies should gain customer insights rather than simply try to increase sales, capitalize on the media's speed and reach while protecting the brand's reputation, and carefully follow the unwritten rules of customer engagement online.

When the name Robert S. McNamara is mentioned, one thought usually springs to mind: the tragedy of Vietnam. But McNamara's career was brilliant long before he served as secretary of defense under presidents Kennedy and Johnson-and long after as well. Spanning five decades, it included leading roles in academia (as a professor at Harvard Business School in the early 1940s), private enterprise (as an executive who helped turn around the ailing Ford Motor Company after the war), government (in his seven-year stint at the U.S. Department of Defense), and humanitarian service (as president of the World Bank for more than a decade). In this illuminating essay, Rosenzweig, a professor of strategy and international business at IMD, presents McNamara not only as an idealist and an accomplished manager but as the personification of management itself in his time. In his work we see the evolution of the discipline, from the development of frameworks to make sense of markets and organizations, to the embrace of quantitative analysis in decision making, to the growing understanding of human psychology. Vietnam was a crisis that revealed the limitations of managerial thinking at the time, but McNamara never stopped learning. As the discipline of management continued to evolve, so did he. In the end, his willingness to examine the mistakes of the past and learn from them may be his greatest legacy.

No longer content with being the world's factory for low-value products, China has quietly opened a new front in its campaign to become the globe's most powerful economy: It's on a quest for high-tech dominance. In pursuit of this goal, the Chinese government has ensured that it will be both buyer and seller in certain key industries by retaining ownership of customers and suppliers alike. It has consolidated manufacturers in those industries into a few national champions to generate economies of scale and concentrate learning. And it is co-opting, cajoling, and coercing multi-national corporations to part with their latest technologies, imposing regulations that put those companies in a terrible bind: They can either comply with the rules and share their technologies with would-be Chinese competitors or refuse and miss out on the world's fastest-growing market. Foreign companies doing business in China cannot wait for balancing macroeconomic forces or multilateral solutions; if they wish to survive as global technology leaders, they must bring greater imagination to bear on the problem. Above all, China's maneuvers cast into doubt the optimistic premise that engagement and interdependence with the West would cause capitalism and socialism to converge quickly, reducing international tensions. Storm clouds are gathering over China and the U.S. in particular. Can two economies with such radically different structures and objectives peacefully coexist? Most people expect that the systems will eventually become more similar. However, the authors argue, this will happen only when China becomes as rich-and as technologically advanced-as the U.S.

Employee wellness programs have often been viewed as a nice extra, not a strategic imperative. But the data demonstrate otherwise, according to Berry, of Texas A&M University; Mirabito, of Baylor University; and Baun, of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Their research shows that the ROI on comprehensive, well-run employee wellness programs is impressive, sometimes as high as six to one. To achieve those kinds of results, employers cannot merely offer workers a few passes to a fitness center and nutrition information in the cafeteria. The most successful wellness programs are supported by six essential pillars: engaged leadership at multiple levels; strategic alignment with the company's identity and aspirations; a design that is broad in scope and high in relevance and quality; broad accessibility; internal and external partnerships; and effective communications. Companies in a variety of industries-including Johnson & Johnson, Lowe's, H-E-B, and Healthwise-have built their employee wellness programs on all six pillars and have reaped big rewards in the form of lower costs, greater productivity, and higher morale. Those benefits are not easy to achieve, and verifiable paybacks are never a certainty. But the track record inspires emulation, especially when you see the numbers.

Multinational retailers have been slow to understand consumers in the developing world. As a result, they've been vulnerable to local competitors that know how their shoppers think, what they crave, and how they buy. These local retailers offer some valuable lessons: Forget the myth that the high end is the most lucrative segment. In emerging markets, the number of affluent consumers who could champion your product is small, and the wealthy tend to favor shopping trips abroad. Instead, aim your products at low-income segments from the start. Cater to consumers' tendency to buy a lot of the cheapest products and a little of the best by providing decent quality at the low end and aspirational choices at the high end. Turn your stores into centers of learning, where shoppers can fill the gaps in their product knowledge. Expect the unexpected and develop quick reflexes-you'll need them to deal with the rapid market expansion and demographic change of emerging economies.

Millions of people are struggling at work. Some are in the wrong jobs. Others feel no connection to their colleagues or engagement with their tasks. The result is rampant dissatisfaction and underachievement. Hallowell, a child psychiatrist specializing in learning differences, describes the Cycle of Excellence, a plan for helping people achieve peak performance. It consists of five steps: Select a job that reflects what you like to do and what you do best and that adds value to the organization. Research has shown that good job fit reduces stress and increases satisfaction and performance. Connect with the people around you. Robust relationships in the workplace galvanize people and build their engagement with their jobs. Small talk may seem trivial, but it pays big dividends. Play on the job. It sounds like an oxymoron, but people do their best-and are most satisfied-when they're imaginatively involved with their work. And when you're hard at play, you're building your brain. Grapple and Grow-that is, work hard to achieve a difficult task. The stress you may feel as you engage with a tough assignment and connect with others to complete it is not the toxic kind. Shine in the acknowledgment of your achievements. Praise releases chemicals that make us feel good, and it fills our uniquely human need to be of value, to matter. If you aren't getting it, ask for it. The need for recognition is fundamental to optimal human performance.

Stephen Greer's Hong Kong-based scrap-metal-recycling company, Hartwell Pacific, was enjoying a period of fantastic growth in the late 1990s: Within 18 months, the firm grew from two employees to 200 and opened locations in seven countries. But Greer's experience offers a vivid illustration of what can go wrong when an entrepreneur ambitiously expands without understanding that emerging markets operate by very different rules. Greer didn't realize that the corollary to cheap local wages is a poor population that may be tempted to supplement paychecks by stealing from employers; his company ultimately lost several million dollars from employee theft and embezzlement. This episode of fraud led Greer to learn to sacrifice some growth for control, to embrace bureaucracy, and to overcome his distrust and return to the optimistic mind-set that's essential for entrepreneurial growth.

If your firm is debating whether to hire a chief sustainability officer (CSO), you may be like fictional electronic components manufacturer Narinex. After losing another big contract to competitor Glistrom, an internal analysis of previous-versus-current RFPs has highlighted one clear area of concern: sustainability. Glistrom recently hired a CSO who has been very visible in promoting its green strategies, even though they don't differ much from Narinex's. With customers increasingly interested in the "greenness" of the products they buy, Narinex needs to change its approach. The executive team debates the questions of cost, brand image, and strategy, and tries to decide whether to handle the issues in-house with current resources, to bring in a consultant to investigate changes, or to hire a CSO. How do you think Narinex should resolve its dilemma? This fictional case was authored by Eric J. McNulty, who writes about sustainability, and Rupert Davis, who heads the sustainability practice at MontaRosa. Commentary is offered by Peter Graf, chief sustainability officer at SAP; Muhtar Kent, chairman and CEO of Coca-Cola; and HBR's readers. Two experts comment on this fictional case study in products R1012N and R1012Z.

The celebrated shoe designer talks about how and why he started to "do shoes," some factors in his success, balancing art and commerce, and why he's stayed independent.

If your firm is debating whether to hire a chief sustainability officer (CSO), you may be like fictional electronic components manufacturer Narinex. After losing another big contract to competitor Glistrom, an internal analysis of previous-versus-current RFPs has highlighted one clear area of concern: sustainability. Glistrom recently hired a CSO who has been very visible in promoting its green strategies, even though they don't differ much from Narinex's. With customers increasingly interested in the "greenness" of the products they buy, Narinex needs to change its approach. The executive team debates the questions of cost, brand image, and strategy, and tries to decide whether to handle the issues in-house with current resources, to bring in a consultant to investigate changes, or to hire a CSO. How do you think Narinex should resolve its dilemma? This fictional case was authored by Eric J. McNulty, who writes about sustainability, and Rupert Davis, who heads the sustainability practice at MontaRosa. Commentary is offered by Peter Graf, chief sustainability officer at SAP; Muhtar Kent, chairman and CEO of Coca-Cola; and HBR's readers. Two experts comment on this fictional case study in products R1012N and R1012Z.

If your firm is debating whether to hire a chief sustainability officer (CSO), you may be like fictional electronic components manufacturer Narinex. After losing another big contract to competitor Glistrom, an internal analysis of previous-versus-current RFPs has highlighted one clear area of concern: sustainability. Glistrom recently hired a CSO who has been very visible in promoting its green strategies, even though they don't differ much from Narinex's. With customers increasingly interested in the "greenness" of the products they buy, Narinex needs to change its approach. The executive team debates the questions of cost, brand image, and strategy, and tries to decide whether to handle the issues in-house with current resources, to bring in a consultant to investigate changes, or to hire a CSO. How do you think Narinex should resolve its dilemma? This fictional case was authored by Eric J. McNulty, who writes about sustainability, and Rupert Davis, who heads the sustainability practice at MontaRosa. Commentary is offered by Peter Graf, chief sustainability officer at SAP; Muhtar Kent, chairman and CEO of Coca-Cola; and HBR's readers. Two experts comment on this fictional case study in products R1012N and R1012Z.

Kiai Marketing Group is a start-up advertising company providing innovative marketing solutions to businesses in London, Ontario. The company's first undertaking is aimed at reaching the post-secondary student demographic by attaching a business's advertising to laptop computers by means of a laptop "skin." The proprietor needs an overall strategic marketing plan to secure his first client. The proprietor must decide what clients to target, how to reach the student market, what to charge clients and what to pay the team of students displaying the laptop skins.

The case analyzes the response of the non-users of shampoo in an emerging environment, namely India. The non-users belong to the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum and they respond with their perceptions about the category of shampoo and well-known brands. The entrepreneur's challenge is to obtain the insights, analyze the attitude of the non-users towards the category and brands, and prepare a strategy to position a new brand of shampoo (Super brand) in the Indian mass market.

The AIG Board underwent significant restructuring after the company was bailed out by the U.S. government in September 2008 in the midst of the financial crisis.

La Fageda is a manufacturer of high-quality, naturally-made yogurts in northern Catalonia, Spain. La Fageda is substantially different from its main competitors such as multinational Danone in that it is a 270-person workers' cooperative with 60 percent of its membership made up of mentally disabled individuals. Since its establishment in 1982, the organization has aimed to integrate the mentally disabled by providing meaningful jobs and dignified salaries. As of March 2010, La Fageda has opened up a new production facility to make ice cream in an urban area outside of its well-known agricultural farm. Students are faced with understanding La Fageda's business model and how it competes against multinationals.

ABB, a power and automation Swiss engineering company had to decide if they wanted to be even more integrated into the Chinese economy, ABB's biggest market, or if they should instead increase their presence in other emerging markets such as India and Brazil.

By 2009 Hikma Pharmaceuticals operated 13 manufacturing plants in 8 countries of which 5 were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hikma tracked its sales revenues over the period to show from where the largest contributors were from...

This case describes the international expansion plans of the second largest grain producer in Latin America, Los Grobo. Based in Argentina with US$550 million in annual sales, Los Grobo also operated in Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay--usually with local partners. Los Grobo had an unusual business model: it did not own land nor farm machinery. Instead, it created a network of partnered producers and suppliers. In other words, it outsourced as much as possible. CEO Gustavo Grobocopatel believed that Los Grobo's network model was the best way to work within "farming's new paradigm," in which knowledge and technological advancements were farmers' most important tools.

Anna Frisch had tried to initiate change at Aesch AG, a large global provider of medical devices for the healthcare industry. As a marketing director, she had identified major shifts in German healthcare which demanded that Aesch changed its ways of approaching customers. Instead of targeting the specific needs of doctors in hospitals, Aesch should address the new decision makers: the CEOs, CFOs, or CIOs of hospitals, who followed a different buying logic.

Pay and promotion discrimination for women continues in the United States. Women earn less than similarly qualified men, tend to work in occupations and job titles that pay less, and are underrepresented in senior management ranks, including CEO and board positions. Although the extent of gender-based career discrimination has declined somewhat over the past several decades, its persistence raises fundamental questions as to why women are apparently disadvantaged. This note seeks to understand women's underrepresentation in senior management ranks by exploring the relationship between gender and power dynamics. An important question about attaining power is how the rules of the game differ, if they do, for men and women. If the rules are different or operate in ways that disadvantage women, what should or could women do to build a path to power? There is extensive research on women's attaining positions of power and also quite a bit of evidence to understand the underlying mechanisms that partly explain why women are, on average, not as successful as similarly qualified men in getting to senior level positions or earning comparable salaries. This note reviews some of the most relevant data on these questions. It provides a brief summary of the existing social science theory and evidence that helps elucidate the interrelated issues of gender, power, and career success.