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It is not uncommon to come across calls in the business literature exhorting managers to devote greater effort in pursuit of radical innovations and/or admonishing managers for devoting too much effort in pursuit of incremental innovations. Undisputedly, over the years, successful radical innovations have had a significant impact on the fortunes of a number of companies. At the same time, firms can ill afford to overlook the role of incremental innovations in enhancing and sustaining the revenue and profit streams of successful radical innovations. From the standpoint of survival, growth and profitability of firms, both home runs (radical innovations) and singles (incremental innovations) matter. The fact that home runs generally tend to be infrequent underscores the importance of frequent singles. Against this backdrop, this article explores the various competitive strategy contexts in which incremental innovations can be effectively leveraged.     

A firm that simultaneously engages in a high degree of both innovation and efficiency follows an approach that is often referred to as an ambidextrous strategy. Surprisingly, relatively few firms are able to balance these two emphases. Internal battles for resources often tip the scales in favor of efficiency over innovation, or vice versa. Management gurus frequently warn that simultaneously pursuing both can set the firm up for mediocre performance, yet the turbulent nature of today's markets and cut-throat competition create a renewed need for firms to reconsider this dual approach for longer-term success. Unfortunately, practical insights from empirical studies regarding performance benefits and implementation issues are still scant. Perhaps this is one reason why few firms are successful in both efficiency and innovation. In this article, we provide evidence-using a cross-industry survey of senior marketing managers in publicly-traded U.S. firms-that firms which successfully employ an ambidextrous strategy outperform those which overemphasize either efficiency or innovation. Furthermore, we highlight marketing's role as an example of the often overlooked need for successful functional implementation. Finally, we provide useful methods for managers to answer three key questions: (1) Is my firm ambidextrous?; (2) Should my firm be ambidextrous?; and, if so (3) How can my firm become ambidextrous?

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection reports that counterfeit goods seizures were up 83% in 2006. While a plethora of anti-counterfeiting strategies target distribution channels, international organizations, pirates, and company-based initiatives, few reports debate the effectiveness of these distinct anti-counterfeiting tactics to curb the problem. For this study we conducted in-depth interviews with United States managers to gauge the efficacy of various anti-counterfeiting tactics to preserve intellectual property rights. The results indicate that corporate managers find the practice of encouraging distributors to notify the manufacturer about counterfeits, as well as educating both employees and channel members about the counterfeit problem, to be some of the most effective ways to fight pirates. However, the managers report many other tactics are futile, including providing financial incentives for distributors to reject counterfeits and stressing the harmful effects of fake goods in advertising. We recommend a specific program that firms can employ to deter counterfeiting, including managing the registration of all trademarks and patents in key markets, establishing a company-based enforcement team, monitoring the growth of fakes through a central information repository, developing a multi-pronged action plan, and preparing to fight pirates through investigative work in conjunction with local law enforcement.

It's not easy being lean. And for many companies, getting lean right the first time does not always happen. Lean is a management philosophy focused on identifying and eliminating waste throughout a product's entire value stream, extending not only within the organization but also along the company's supply chain network. Lean promises significant benefits in terms of waste reduction, and increased organizational and supply chain communication and integration. Implementing lean, however, and achieving the levels of organizational commitment, employee autonomy, and information transparency needed to ensure its success is a daunting task. This article describes in detail two lean implementation projects within the same company: a global manufacturer of food processing machines and equipment. The first project was a failure, while the second is viewed as a success. Examining these projects in detail, the major criteria and conditions that led to either lean failure or lean success are identified. Based on these conditions, we highlight a number of lessons learned, all of which may help other organizations ensure the success of their own lean implementation and improvement efforts.

It looked like founder-CEO Brian Scudamore might not be able to pursue franchising as a growth option for his junk-removal business after all. Over the years, he had overcome many hurdles, including buying out his "too-fiery" co-founder, firing all of his employees so he could start all over again when he became disillusioned with the company's developing culture, and failing at experimenting with student franchising to increase the rate of growth. Now looking to expand within North America, he had turned to a professional franchising model and had developed a new brand to help grow the business. Paul Guy, his first franchisee who was beginning his operations in Toronto, had just called. "Brian, my wife's relative just told me that I'm crazy to open here because the city picks up things for free. It's crazy to charge $300 to pick something up when they can get the same service for free! We had never heard of that in Vancouver, but that's a big problem here!" Was Guy over-reacting, or had Scudamore made a major mistake in his growth strategy?

Studio Moderna is the leading electronic retailer in 20 countries in and around Central and Eastern Europe, and use a multi-channel business strategy, organizational structure, and IT system. When management conflicts arise, Sandi Cesko, CEO and co-founder must decide whether to change his in-sourcing strategy to out-sourcing.

The owners of Aquarius Ales, a popular Sixth Street pub in Austin, Texas, received an offer to sell their business to a pair of University of Texas business school graduates for $450,000. Was this a fair offer? If not, what would be an appropriate counter offer? The case looks at the prospect for revenues for the pub in light of declining alcohol consumption among the general population. Aquarius Ales' niche was appealing to those who liked 60s and 70s music, with its name coming from a song in the hit sixties musical "Hair." Although the pub's main product - alcoholic beverages - was a commodity, the pub had the advantage of a desirable location, decrease in the number of competitors and a population of college students who enjoyed "oldies."

Richard Bennett was faced with a serious ethical dilemma that would impact his career, family, and co-workers. Bennett, a regional vice president in the Cable Division of Centurion Media, believed that a contract executed by the new president of his division, Joseph Fowler, would cause significant financial losses for Bennett's own division and the company. Bennett suspected that Fowler might have a serious conflict of interest, since he owned stock and options in Northpark-the company with which he had negotiated the contract. Bennett was only two years from retirement. If he chose to protest the contract, it would likely have very unpleasant consequences -- including jeopardizing his own financial security. He would probably be fired. Additionally, his actions might endanger the careers of other employees and co-workers. The personal relationship between the CEO of Centurion Media, Chuck Reilly, and Fowler made Bennett's decision more difficult. When Bennett contacted the general counsel and controller in the corporate office of Centurion Media, they suggested he back off. He was surprised by their stance that the contract, which Bennett thought would be financially disastrous, was in the best interest of the company. The Controller went so far as to remind Bennett how near he was to retirement, emphasizing that he should be concerned about protecting his job. What should Bennett do about the situation he faced?

The J&J Electrical Contractors case is an example of a small regional family business that has found a way to compete against the larger and more comprehensive electrical contractors in the industry and be successful. The company is currently run by a husband-and-wife team, John and Jean Abernathy, with John serving as CEO and Jean as CFO. The Abernathys took the company to 2005 revenues of $5.22 million, a growth of 75.2% over revenues of $2.98 million in 2001. However, despite increasing revenues, profit margins have eroded over the past four years. The case describes the electrical-contracting industry, the type of work done by the firms in the industry and the forces acting in the industry such as the high cost of homes, especially in Southern California, increasing the demand for remodeling and the continued increases in energy costs and metal prices, many of which are critical in performing electrical contracting work. The case ends with the need for the Abernathys to improve the company's deteriorating profitability and a number of possible future directions the company could take to accomplish that. The case has benefited from extensive interviews and complete access to the company and its principals. Several excerpts from interviews with them give a good account of what it's like managing a small growing company. The case will challenge students to integrate industry and competitive dynamics with regulatory and market demands to devise a set of worthy strategic alternatives to help revive J&J's flagging profitability.

The purpose of this case was to determine whether ACE Private Equity Partners, a mid-size private equity fund, should acquire two physical therapy companies in order to develop them for subsequent sale to a larger private equity firm. This situation represented another opportunity for ACE's general partners to implement their "merger consolidation" investment strategy for their fund investors or limited partners. This investment strategy was to buy several private firms in the same industry, develop them for three to five years with revenue growth and cost saving synergies and, then, sell this larger consolidated company. This investment strategy was summarized by three major tactics: 1) build more valuable companies through growth and consolidation, 2) use arbitrage to buy smaller companies at lower private company EBITDA multiples and, then, sell them as a larger combined enterprise at higher public company EBITDA multiples, and 3) leverage the acquisitions with debt to spread risk and enhance returns.

In 2006, Hewlett-Packard (HP) admitted it had hired outside investigators to spy on members of its board of directors and journalists to uncover the source of several leaks of confidential board deliberations. The investigators used methods, including "pretexting" (using an assumed identity in order to access others' telephone records), which were possibly illegal and almost certainly unethical. This case uses company e-mails, internal reports, meeting minutes, and published memoirs and interviews to present various perspectives on HP's leak investigations, including those of its non-executive chairman, CEO, former CEO, board members, managers, and investigators. What problem was HP attempting to address? Did the board's behavior conform to accepted standards of good corporate governance? Were the investigation's methods ethical? What, if anything, should the company and its chairman, Patricia Dunn, have done differently? How could HP's new CEO, Mark Hurd, best assure effective governance and ethical behavior in the future?

The Reflexite Corporation made plastic films and other products engineered to focus reflected light. The company had recently shifted their strategy to include new applications in broader markets. In March, 2007, the organization structure and compensation systems that had successfully guided the company to this time were under fire. Michael Foley, Chief Executive Officer of the Reflexite Corporation had to decide whether to proceed with a change in company's employee stock ownership plan. The management and employees had held two rounds of "town meetings" to discuss changes in the allocation formula that determined how much stock employees would receive. Their recommendation was to change to allocate stock based on corporate-wide performance. Previously, the company based allocations on business-unit performance, causing wide variance in the amount of stock employees received. While the non-binding "town meeting" vote favored the change by a wide margin, the Chairman of the Board of Directors was adamant in his opposition. Foley, still in his first year as CEO wondered; the employees had spoken, but when the man who had built the company strongly objected, shouldn't one listen?

This case has been developed to facilitate a negotiation exercise related to the formation of partnership deals in the healthcare industry. It is based on actual information, but reflects a hypothetical situation involving two companies and a product that have all been disguised. The scenario described within the case involves Pharmac, a large pharmaceutical company, and Respire, a small medical start-up. Pharmac and Respire began negotiating a partnership to develop and eventually market an inhaled form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to treat osteoporosis. If successful, this product would improve the available options for the treatment of osteoporosis. It was also expected to produce "blockbuster" sales since it would make PTH, an already extremely effective treatment option, more convenient and appealing to a large segment of untreated patients who were injection-averse (injection was the standard delivery mechanism for this drug). Development of the product was highly speculative and was expected to take six to seven years due to early stage development of the inhalable delivery system and the multi-year Phase III fracture trials required for approval. Pharmac had released the first man-made, injectable form of parathyroid hormone, called Strocal, in 2002. However, no one had yet developed a non-injectable version of PTH, despite efforts by Pharmac and other companies that spanned more than a decade. Respire's goal was to be the first company to solve this problem by developing an inhaled formulation and a device to deliver Strocal through the lungs in a safe, effective, and reproducible manner. Enough information is provided within the case to enable students to negotiate terms for royalties, milestones, exclusivity provisions, and an equity investment. At the end of OIT-81A, information known to Pharmac (but not to Respire) is provided. In OIT-81B, information known to Respire (but not to Pharmac) is given.

This case has been developed to facilitate a negotiation exercise related to the formation of partnership deals in the healthcare industry. It is based on actual information, but reflects a hypothetical situation involving two companies and a product that have all been disguised. The scenario described within the case involves Pharmac, a large pharmaceutical company, and Respire, a small medical start-up. Pharmac and Respire began negotiating a partnership to develop and eventually market an inhaled form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to treat osteoporosis. If successful, this product would improve the available options for the treatment of osteoporosis. It was also expected to produce "blockbuster" sales since it would make PTH, an already extremely effective treatment option, more convenient and appealing to a large segment of untreated patients who were injection-averse (injection was the standard delivery mechanism for this drug). Development of the product was highly speculative and was expected to take six to seven years due to early stage development of the inhalable delivery system and the multi-year Phase III fracture trials required for approval. Pharmac had released the first man-made, injectable form of parathyroid hormone, called Strocal, in 2002. However, no one had yet developed a non-injectable version of PTH, despite efforts by Pharmac and other companies that spanned more than a decade. Respire's goal was to be the first company to solve this problem by developing an inhaled formulation and a device to deliver Strocal through the lungs in a safe, effective, and reproducible manner. Enough information is provided within the case to enable students to negotiate terms for royalties, milestones, exclusivity provisions, and an equity investment. At the end of OIT-81A, information known to Pharmac (but not to Respire) is provided. In OIT-81B, information known to Respire (but not to Pharmac) is given.

iBasis examines the development of a long-term relationship between equipment manufacturer Cisco and start-up iBasis, a voice-over-internet wholesaler. Questions arise for iBasis founders as to how best to build a beneficial relationship with the much larger partner. How aggressive should they be in their pursuit of specialized equipment designs from Cisco? How should they protect their own intellectual property? After several years of market success, and several relationship defining mechanisms (from informal to a memorandum of understanding to specific equipment contracts), the partnership is tested with the dot-com bubble bursting. Not only is the relationship at risk, but iBasis' very survival is in question.

Pay Zone Consulting is a small, highly-specialized, global consulting group providing information management solutions for the exploration and production sector of the oil and gas industry. The company operates entirely virtually with consultants and software developers in different parts of the world. The principals are considering growth options but are intent on preserving the quality of life benefits provided by their virtual business model. The case examines the communication technologies employed by the principals in support of their virtual teamwork and describes the administrative information technology (IT) infrastructure that enables the firm to operate with no administrative staff or office. The case also discusses the organizational and personal factors underlying the company's ability to operate successfully virtually.

Club Atletico Boca Juniors is the most popular soccer club in Argentina and one of the most decorated clubs in the world. Throughout its storied history, the club has recruited and developed dozens of star players. In his eleven years at Boca Juniors, president Mauricio Macri has significantly increased the club's net worth and annual revenues. However, he faces a constant challenge to remain competitive on and off the field. In November 2006, Macri is approached by Spanish and Italian soccer powerhouses, seeking to purchase the players Fernando Gago and Rodrigo Palacio. Should Macri enter negotiations with the clubs interested in buying the star players? If so, how should they approach the talks? Allows for an in-depth examination of Boca Junior's business model, and how it differs from that of the richer soccer clubs in Western Europe. Also enables an assessment of successful talent and brand management strategies in the context of a sports franchise with a worldwide reach.

Vivek Khuller has built Smartix by attracting classmates to co-found it with him, learning how to pitch it to top VC firms and potential strategic partners, and honing the concept and business model by testing it in smaller venues. Now, he is facing the implications of the choices he has made in each of these areas and has to decide how to manage those implications.

Explains the accounting for interest rate derivatives under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 133.

Management of a diversified chemicals company faces two financial decisions: whether to finance a major investment in new production facilities for its rapidly expanding Environmental Products Division, and whether to sell a more slowly growing non-specialty chemicals division. the latter decision has implications for how the new investment, if it is undertaken, should be financed. Financing options available to the firm include bank borrowing, issuing convertible debt, and selling new common stock in the public market.