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The widespread implementation and adoption of digital technologies by organizations has given rise to a massive transformation with the potential to affect many organizations' internal operations and processes. This transformation affects different levels and steps of output creation in companies, which eventually triggers changes in their organizational structures. This article develops an integrated picture on how digital transformation affects organization design by classifying and analyzing the effect on the process of output creation in firms. Based on this picture, it develops and elaborates on potential opportunities and challenges for companies resulting from digital transformation. Finally, it offers recommendations and decisions rules for dealing with these issues.

Steve Kerr, coach of the 3-time NBA champion Golden State Warriors, reflects on his values-driven leadership style in the wake of a challenging season.

When Kathy Fish, Procter & Gamble's Chief Research, Development & Innovation Officer, and a 40-year company veteran, stepped into her role in 2014, she was concerned that the world's leading consumer packaged goods company had lost its capability to produce a steady stream of disruptive innovations. This, coupled with intensifying competition from more agile, digitally-savvy direct-to-consumer companies, convinced Fish that P&G needed to renew its value proposition. She believed it was essential that all 100,000 employees see innovation as their job, and that all aspects of the consumer experience-not only the product itself-be "irresistibly superior." But making this change would require wholesale transformation, which was challenging because P&G's business units had decision-making rights for their businesses. Thus, when she launched GrowthWorks, an initiative to bring lean innovation to scale at P&G, Fish designed it to be business unit-led and corporately-supported. Fish and her team tackled challenges as they emerged along the way, such as the need to adapt career systems. Fish took a "pull" versus "push" approach and it caught on like "wildfire," eventually producing a portfolio of over 130 projects, and momentum that led P&G to headline the Consumer Electronics Show for the first time. While progress indicators were strong, the business units still struggled to incubate innovations, and Fish feared that unless P&G's overall innovation performance management and reward systems changed, the new approach to innovation would not take hold in a sustainable way. Fish grapples with whether to take a more "push" approach and add innovation metrics to the business unit presidents' annual scorecards, which typically focused on short term deliverables.

In March 2020, Nasser Al-Khelaifi, the president of French soccer club Paris Saint-Germain ('PSG') sees his team clinch a spot among the last eight clubs to compete in the UEFA Champions League. Established in 1970 and initially a club with only moderate success, PSG's fortunes changed when Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) acquired the club in 2011. QSI overhauled the roster of players-by, among other measures, buying Kylian Mbappé and, in a record €222-million transfer that shook the soccer world, Neymar-and professionalized the club's management, renovated the stadium, developed a new training ground, redefined the PSG brand, and pursued a series of high-profile collaborations. The investment seems to have paid off, on and off the field: since the acquisition, PSG has amassed six French league titles and has risen to fifth place in the ranking of Europe's highest-grossing soccer clubs. But the biggest prize the club's owners are eyeing, the Champions League, has so far eluded PSG. Does the club have the right strategy to break the hegemony of Europe's long-standing soccer powerhouses? And are Al-Khelaifi and his team of executives on the right path toward their goal of establishing PSG as one of the world's top three sports brands?

Iloof Technology Co. Ltd. was a Chinese start-up high-technology company at the forefront of the smart water bottle market, one of the newest sectors in the reusable water bottle industry. Smart bottles or cups, also known as interactive water bottles, were technologically advanced devices that had wireless communication capabilities to connect with electronic devices, such as smart phones. They also helped record and optimize the user's water intake and develop healthy drinking habits. In 2016, after two years of research and development, Iloof Technology Co. Ltd. released its first smart water cup, the HeyDo S1, to great success. However, after three quarters of growth, sales slowed and the company's founder considered expanding to traditional or offline channels to sustain growth. Could the company operate in both online and offline markets? What potential challenges would the company face in its sales channel expansion?

In July 2019, the uncertainty that had been surrounding Brexit since the public referendum in June 2016 had led to a crisis for Owen Barry Inc. (Owen Barry), a luxury goods manufacturing enterprise in the United Kingdom. The company's finance and production manager had voted in favour of Brexit but was hardly prepared for the deadlock that followed. He was now weighing different options for navigating a way out of the company's predicament. His three main concerns were: How should he deal with the exchange rate fluctuations that had been affecting the company's revenues and margins? How should he deal with issues around sourcing and importing essential raw materials? How should he deal with problems around the recruitment and retention of the skilled workforce at the company's manufacturing plant near London?

In January 2020, Jai Prakash Chaubey, the managing director of Sarva Pharmaceuticals Private Limited (Sarva), needed to decide whether or not to accept a proposal from Gursim Pharmaceutical Limited (Gursim) to market some of Sarva's products in Cambodia. Sarva had been performing well; however, the company's profitability in Cambodia was minimal. Should Chaubey accept Gursim's offer? Or should he hire a new country head who could drive the sales in the country and motivate the sales team for better results? Other options included restructuring Sarva's product portfolio or shutting down the company's marketing arm to focus solely on distribution. What strategies should he adopt to turn around his company's performance, strengthen its presence in Cambodia, and remain on course to achieve the company's target for 2020?

This case provides a minimum threshold and a range of value for a contract for janitorial services in an office building. A variety of facts are presented that negotiators can choose to pay more or less attention to when planning and conducting their negotiation. Mitchell, a shift supervisor, has been temporarily empowered to conduct the negotiation on behalf of his supervisor, Robert Eckhart, who is out sick. Jim Evans, the sales representative from Philly Cleans, is attempting to preserve his company's typical 25% profit margin, which is 10% above the industry norm of 15%. A contingency agreement is a possibility, which would likely take the form of a delivery reduction in the average price per room if in fact the average size of the rooms in this renovated office building is actually significantly smaller than the average size of rooms in newly constructed office buildings. This case contains two roles, one for each person in a two-party negotiation. They are relatively short in length and can be read in class just prior to a mock negotiation. This learning activity is appropriate for teaching negotiations skills to a broad audience, including undergraduate and graduate business school students, adult learners in a variety of settings, and in a corporate university.

B case to case UV8090. This case provides a minimum threshold and a range of value for a contract for janitorial services in an office building. A variety of facts are presented that negotiators can choose to pay more or less attention to when planning and conducting their negotiation. Mitchell, a shift supervisor, has been temporarily empowered to conduct the negotiation on behalf of his supervisor, Robert Eckhart, who is out sick. Jim Evans, the sales representative from Philly Cleans, is attempting to preserve his company's typical 25% profit margin, which is 10% above the industry norm of 15%. A contingency agreement is a possibility, which would likely take the form of a delivery reduction in the average price per room if in fact the average size of the rooms in this renovated office building is actually significantly smaller than the average size of rooms in newly constructed office buildings. This case contains two roles, one for each person in a two-party negotiation. They are relatively short in length and can be read in class just prior to a mock negotiation. This learning activity is appropriate for teaching negotiations skills to a broad audience, including undergraduate and graduate business school students, adult learners in a variety of settings, and in a corporate university.

This case contains two roles, one for each person in a two-party negotiation. They are relatively short in length and can be read in class just prior to negotiating. This learning activity is appropriate for teaching negotiation skills to a broad audience, including undergraduate and graduate business school students, adult learners, and in corporate university settings. At first glance, there is no immediate resolution to the negotiation. A couple is attempting to qualify for an apartment lease, and based on a percentage of guaranteed salary, they do not qualify. Students should learn that only by asking probing questions and seeking to understand more about one another's assets and interests can the landlords and potential renters identify a workable solution.

This case contains two roles, one for each person in a two-party negotiation. They are relatively short in length and can be read in class just prior to negotiating. This learning activity is appropriate for teaching negotiation skills to a broad audience, including undergraduate and graduate business school students, adult learners, and in corporate university settings. At first glance, there is no immediate resolution to the negotiation. A couple is attempting to qualify for an apartment lease, and based on a percentage of guaranteed salary, they do not qualify. Students should learn that only by asking probing questions and seeking to understand more about one another's assets and interests can the landlords and potential renters identify a workable solution.

COVID-19 may hurt innovation because it has reduced knowledge transmission globally. The direct causes include government restrictions on immigration, the dismantling of global value chains, a reduction in travel, and the isolation of knowledge workers in home offices.

The case opens with Alain Bejjani, CEO of Majid Al Futtaim (MAF) Holding, anticipating on the Group's next phase in the multi-year transformation journey and reflecting on the initiatives he implemented to create the Group's growth-oriented culture. Founded in 1995, MAF Group was a regional conglomerate, operating shopping malls, and retail and leisure establishments across 12 businesses in 15 markets in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The case describes the series of structural changes that Bejjani undertook since he became the CEO in 2015, how he transitioned the Holding company from a passive investor to a strategic architect model, and assumed ownership of the brand, culture, and talent across the entire organization for all its operating companies: MAF Properties, MAF Retail, and MAF Ventures. The case discusses the steps that the Group undertook-creation of the Leadership Institute, a new performance management system, investments in digital technology and analytics capabilities, and the launch of the School of Great Moments to instill a focus on customer experience. By November 2019, Bejjani recognized that the organization had evolved considerably in the past five years. He wondered about the next steps in scaling and ability to execute strategy. How much more could he push the organization to continue to change?

Set in December 2019, this case explores how P&G has applied data science and analytics to cut costs and improve outcomes across its business units. The case provides an overview of P&G's approach to data management and governance, and reviews the challenges associated with changing long-established work processes within the company. It concludes by exploring four examples of how P&G has applied analytics to its businesses.

On June 13, 1963, Valentina Tereshkova of the USSR became the first woman to fly in space on Vostok 6. Soviet leaders publicly espoused gender equity, but also sent Tereshkova on her mission in order to be the first country to send a woman to space, a milestone they reached before the U.S. did. Five Soviet women were in the initial group chosen to train as cosmonauts, but of the five, only Tereshkova would make it to space. The case explores why Tereshkova was selected from the group and her mission and subsequent career. It also discusses the successes of the women cosmonauts and astronauts in the Soviet and U.S. space programs decades later. By 2020, women remained a minority of space travelers, but the inclusion of both genders had become commonplace. Had women reached gender equity in space faster than on Earth?

This case describes the business career of Calouste Gulbenkian, a skilled intermediary who was able to secure 5 per cent of a vast oil concession covering much of the Middle East that was signed in 1928. Gulbenkian was an ethnic Armenian born in the Ottoman Empire, which was a large multi-ethnic empire covering large swathes of the Middle East and eastern Europe. Gulbenkian's career is set against the steady erosion of the Empire's sovereignty by Western powers, and mounting ethnic tensions. These trends reached their climax in the modernizing Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Ottoman entry to World War 1 on the side of Germany, the massacres of millions of Armenians and other ethnic groups, and the creation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Against this background, Gulbenkian distanced himself from the family merchant business, became a financier in London, and formed a close relationship with Henri Deterding, the leader of the power Royal Dutch Shell oil group. After the Young Turk Revolution, he also worked for the new government, forming a company to exploit the oil resources of the Empire with him and Royal Dutch Shell among the shareholders, and securing a vast oil concession. These arrangements were disrupted by the war, the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, and the entry into the region of the United States government and oil companies. However, Gulbenkian survived numerous attempts to dislodge him and his shareholding was confirmed in the Red Line Agreement of 1928. The case provides an opportunity to explore the role of intermediaries in global business and more specifically, to show how the control of Middle Eastern oil ended up for a half a century in the hands of a small number of oligopolistic Western oil companies with no ownership by local stakeholders.

In May 2019, the management team of DuPont de Nemours Inc. (DuPont) was assessing whether to retain the business entity DuPont Sustainable Solutions (DSS) as part of the overall company, divest it to another consultancy firm, or sell it to the internal team through a management buyout. DSS was set up in the late 1960s as an in-house provider of safety and risk management services. Having established its credentials with the company's sprawling chemical plants worldwide, it soon became a mid-sized business in the operations consulting field, serving clients in oil and gas, mining and metals, and industrial manufacturing sectors worldwide. In 2019, the management team had to determine the best path forward for DSS.