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Pacific Gas & Electric is the second-largest investor-owned utility in the country and the largest in California, serving 15 million people across 70,000 square miles in central and northern California. Revenues at the utility are sliding as Kent Harvey, the company's CFO, considers legislation coming before the California legislature that will allow utility customers to purchase up to 100% renewable power from an offsite, local facility. The program is capped at 600 MW, but if it is amended to expand capacity, PG&E will face another hit to its bottom line. Students are asked to put themselves in Harvey's shoes and decide whether the company should lobby against the bill or adjust its policies to integrate more clean energy into its portfolio.

Kellogg Chief Sustainability Officer Diane Holdorf is facing a campaign by environmental activists who allege that the company's Indonesian supplier Wilmar International is illegally growing palm and is engaged in slash and burn practices. Protestors are lining up outside the company's Battle Creek, Michigan headquarters to rally against the partnership. While Kellogg only uses a small amount of palm in its products, the partnership with Wilmar provides the company with important strategic access to the Chinese market. Holdorf will be speaking with Kellogg's CEO in two days and is expected to provide him with her recommendations on how to proceed. Students are asked examine the extent of Kellogg's accountability for Wilmar's actions and decide how to respond to the allegations against its joint venture partner.

Whole Foods has successfully rolled out a new store in a low-income neighborhood of Detroit and company leaders are looking to scale the model to Chicago's Englewood neighborhood and beyond. Chicago would offer $11 million in incentives, but the neighborhood lacks the hospital and university of Detroit's Midtown, whose employees frequent the grocer during lunch and after work. The brand many know as "Whole Paycheck" must find a way to make itself relevant to low-income populations and address issues of food access and poverty. Students will be asked to evaluate the business decision to enter low-income areas, considering both the "business bottom line" versus "business triple bottom line" debate.

Head of Goldman Sachs' Urban Investment Group Alicia Glen will be making the case for creating a social impact bond (SIB) tomorrow. Proposed by New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg as an investment that will decrease adolescent incarceration rates, the SIB would be the first of its kind in the U.S. Goldman would have a first-mover advantage if it chooses to take part in the project, but it carries significant risk - the bank would be operating in an environment that is traditionally government and non-profit territory. Glen wondered if Goldman should invest only if a philanthropy, such as Bloomberg Philanthropies, would secure a portion of the loan. She also wondered if the transaction costs would be too high or if there were any legal or political hurdles on the horizon to stall implementation. Students are asked to gain an understanding of social investments and construct a 2X2 matrix to assess expectations for returns on social and financial impact.

Partnering with Bloomberg Philanthropies, MDRC, the Vera Institute of Justice, and the New York State Department of Corrections, Goldman decided to go ahead with the social impact bond (SIB) project to reduce youth recidivism. If there were lower rates of recidivism under the program, the city would not have to repay Goldman's loans; Goldman would accept the risk. The city would in turn save money, allowing it to repay the bond. Before the bank knew whether the initiative would be successful, it was already moving on to new social investments. The firm was looking into an SIB to fund an expansion for a high-quality early childhood preschool program in the Granite School District of Central Salt Lake, Utah. The expansion would empower more children with early preparation, decreasing the need for special education and remedial services and saving the district money. Students are tasked with evaluating new social investment instruments, ways to mitigate risk, and the role of banks in social impact.

An NPR report, which uncovers labor-camp-like working conditions at Apple's Foxconn supplier in China has gone viral. With 2011 revenues of $92 billion, the contractor, which manufacturers Apple's Mac computers, iPhones, and iPads is the fourth-largest information technology company in the world. Forced to work in conditions where they are both physically and mentally abused, some workers are driven to suicide, while those who remain are required to work excessive overtime, denied meal breaks, not informed about the chemicals in use, refused the wage increases promised to them, and exposed to two explosions - one that leaves three dead and 15 injured and another that injures 61. Students are asked to take on the role of Apple CEO Tim Cook and respond to a petition by Change.org, signed by 250,000 people calling on Apple to take responsibility for the appalling conditions in its supply chain.

The H&M case is set immediately after the Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh. The case explores questions of who is to blame and how it should be addressed. There is no guarantee that H&M garment manufacturing had not been subcontracted to one of the factories in Rana Plaza, and Helena Helmersson, head of sustainability at H&M, must meet with the CEO, Karl-Johan Persson, to discuss how the company will respond and devise a plan to face the media coverage and public scrutiny of the apparel industry that is sure to follow. This case was written under the supervision of Andrew Hoffman at the University of Michigan by graduate students Marianna Kerppola, Ryan Moody, Likangjin Zheng, and Amaryllia Liu.

Epilogue to case W93C73.

The dilemma Evan Blue faces stems from a report by sustainability advocacy group Ceres that calls on companies to take climate change into consideration in their risk models and develop response strategies. The fictional vice president of Traveler's Insurance is tasked with briefing the company's board on the matter the next day. He must decide if there is a business case to be made for taking action in response to climate change risk. Students are asked what the company's responsibility is and if integrating climate change into its risk models will make it a better underwriter or price it out of certain markets.

Environmental issues increasingly influence many aspects of business including strategy, public relations, and supply chain operations. This case looks at how Jamba Juice, a publicly traded smoothie company, will respond to public outcry about its environmental footprint. Jamba Juice CEO James White must determine how to respond to an online petition started by a young California girl who collected over 100,000 signatures asking Jamba Juice to phase out its use of polystyrene foam cups, which she believes to be harmful to the environment. Jamba Juice must consider how phasing out foam cups would impact its core business, brand, and product delivery as well as if it would attract or deter new customers and how it might affect shareholder value. This case also challenges students to examine what makes one product more environmentally benign or harmful than another and how businesses should weigh this information in altering the way they do business amidst significant public scrutiny.

A123 Systems successfully went to market with new technologies that had the potential to revolutionize both the energy storage and electric battery industries. After opening the largest hybrid vehicle battery manufacturing facility in North America, CEO David Vieau needs to evaluate the road forward. Should he try to gain a foothold in established commercial battery markets or pursue the company's current mission of being the top supplier for grid storage and hybrid vehicles? Was he expanding too fast or not fast enough? Was Asia a potential avenue for future growth, a source of menacing competition, or both?

Ford Motor Company's Social Sustainability Manager, David Berdish, faces the challenge of positioning Ford on the forefront of the new global transportation industry in a sustainable way while leveraging Ford's leadership in the automotive industry. This case takes a holistic look at the global transportation industry but places emphasis on mega-cities in bustling emerging markets and their increasingly congested transportation systems. With the company's strategic mobility initiative in place and Ford's Blueprint for Mobility launched as of February 2012, the question of resource and technology allocation and strategic positioning among traditional and new (car-sharing, traffic data management) competitors becomes critical to success. Students must decide how to balance innovation, market positioning, and long-term vision with near-term strategy to better serve the next generation of customers on multiple levels - access, community, and environmental.

This case centers on SC Johnson's CEO, H. Fisk Johnson, and his decision on how to move forward with Greenlist™ after the settlement of two lawsuits. SC Johnson developed the ingredient improvement process Greenlist™ to reduce the negative environmental impacts of its products by substituting less harmful ingredients wherever possible. Significant environmental improvements were made in many of the company's products, such as Windex®, and the company developed a Greenlist™ label to demonstrate to consumers that a product had been improved by the process. In 2008 and 2009, two lawsuits were filed accusing SC Johnson of deceptively marketing its products as "green", as the Greenlist™ label led consumers to believe the products had been certified by an objective third party. The lawsuits were settled and the company was forced to remove the label. The case raises a discussion about green labeling, the nature of environmental certification, and the value of internal sustainability initiatives.

Rick Anderson, senior director of NextEra's Green Marketing Group, is crafting a marketing strategy to move Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) on the voluntary market by demonstrating the added value of the company's EarthEra RECs. NextEra not only markets RECs, but also funds the construction of renewable energy projects. Anderson is seeking to expand the EarthEra program and brand. While there has been some good responses to EarthEra RECs, there have also been setbacks. Demand for RECs is decreasing. The end of federal incentives for renewable energy projects, the 2008 financial crisis, and a rejection of federal RPS legislation have depressed the market for voluntary RECs. Anderson's challenge is to find the right strategy to expand the EarthEra REC program in the midst of these difficultiesThis case was written by graduate students Jenna Agins, Rajat Bhatia, Andrea Cunningham, Natalie George, Daniel Gonzalez-Kreisberg, and Jonathan Mattson, under the supervision of Professor Andrew Hoffman.

Google has been widely criticized for its data center energy usage. Google Energy, a recently created subsidiary, has successfully responded to this criticism but must now formulate an expansion strategy. If successful, the expansion is expected to strengthen Google's image as an industry leader in energy procurement, provide strong financial returns, and create a lucrative new market. However, this initiative has high risks. The team must evaluate: Were its current efforts enough, or were they just the baseline? How far should Google go to address the environmental impacts of its operations? This case was written under the supervision of Professor Andrew Hoffman by graduate students Benjamin Bunker, Jennifer Foster, Jason Levine, Rodrigo Sanchez, Gaurang Sethi, and Geroge Tan.

British Petroleum (BP), one of the world's largest oil companies, had spent over $200 million rebranding itself as environmentally responsible, with the tagline "Beyond Petroleum." However, after the catastrophic 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill, the company's name seemed to be permanently tarnished. Through a deep dive into all events of the spill, this case study asks students to determine: what should BP do now? Newly appointed CEO Bob Dudley inherited a company that faced billions of dollars in damages, a furious public, and an irate US government. The "Beyond Petroleum" campaign that was successfully undertaken in 2000 was now the focus of derision and disbelief. As CEO, Dudley must repair the company's image, re-establish some level of trust with government, and convince investors that BP will return to profitability.This case was written by MBA candidates Jonathan Huynh, Jacob Kapitan, Satish Katpally, Ben Pierce, and Ben Pierson, under the supervision of Professor Andrew Hoffman.

How do you make money when you tell your customers 'don't buy our stuff unless you really need it?'" This was the question that Yvon Chouinard, founder of the clothing company Patagonia, asked himself as he considered developing a new partnership with eBay in which customers would buy and sell used Patagonia gear on eBay rather than buy it new. As he considered this new partnership, Chouinard would have to balance the environmental priorities upon which Patagonia was founded with its financial well-being. This is a two-part case. Part A presents the decision which Chouinard is considering, while Part B presents the decision that Chouinard chose. The A and B cases were written by graduate students Allyson Johnson, Courtney Lee, Steven Rippberger, and Morgane Treanton, under the supervision of Professor Andrew Hoffman.

How do you make money when you tell your customers 'don't buy our stuff unless you really need it?'" This was the question that Yvon Chouinard, founder of the clothing company Patagonia, asked himself as he considered developing a new partnership with eBay in which customers would buy and sell used Patagonia gear on eBay rather than buy it new. As he considered this new partnership, Chouinard would have to balance the environmental priorities upon which Patagonia was founded with its financial well-being. This is a two-part case. Part A presents the decision which Chouinard is considering, while Part B presents the decision that Chouinard chose. This case presents the decision about a potential partnership with eBay that Yvon Chouinard, founder of the clothing company Patagonia, chose to pursue. The A and B cases were written by graduate students Allyson Johnson, Courtney Lee, Steven Rippberger, and Morgane Treanton, under the supervision of Professor Andrew Hoffman.

Are "wide-scale distribution" and "sustainability" mutually exclusive? This case explores this question through the examples of Honest Tea, one of the fast growing companies in the Ready-To-Drink market, and Coca-Cola. Honest Tea faces a challenging decision: whether or not to sell part of its business to Coca-Cola. Honest Tea desires to stay committed to CSR goals and maintain its niche market appeal; however, it needs to expand its distribution network to make a large impact in the mainstream market, grow profitability, and affect positive change by introducing healthy, sustainable products to the beverage industry. This case asks whether it makes sense for Honest Tea to scale up its organic and fair trade beverages, and if the partnership with Coca-Cola is the best move. The case focuses on business strategy, and promotes understanding of the complexities of a sustainable business and the challenges that arise while trying to maintain growth.

How do you maintain relationships with companies that serve a majority of people, but upset an outspoken minority? Winner of the 2011 Oikos Casewriting Competition, this case explores a tenuous relationship between the University of Michigan and the Coca-Cola Company. Pressured by an activist group, the university decided to cut its contract with Coke until the company satisfied the environmental and labor demands of the activists. Students will learn about student activism in a university setting and how the university seeks to satisfy student requests.