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Performance measurement is an important part of supply chain management. Timely, accurate, and detailed performance monitoring can allow a company to detect problems early, diagnose causes of problems, and come up with interventions promptly. SeeCommerce provides an Internet-based solution so that companies in a supply chain can have visibility of performance measures throughout the supply chain. This case describes the value proposition that SeeCommerce creates through its solutions and how the Mopar Division of DaimlerChrysler was able to make use of the solutions to improve greatly the efficiency and customer service of service parts operations at DaimlerChrysler.

In June 1998, Lucent Technologies had the opportunity to win a major contract to supply a Y2K compliant network to Saudi Arabia. The Lucent facility that managed business with Saudi Arabia and manufactured products for that region was in Spain. To win the contract, Lucent would have to be able to deliver the product, a sophisticated digital switching system, within three weeks of receiving the details of each site's requirements. (The contract would require delivery to many sites.) Using the existing process, it took 23-25 weeks to deliver after receiving site details. The case describes the Lucent production process and capabilities and provides data for discussion of ways in which Lucent can meet the customer's requirements.

Hewlett-Packard's (HP) Vancouver Division faced a challenge in 1990. Although its new inkjet printers were selling well, inventory levels worldwide were rising as sales rose. In Europe, high product variety was making inventory levels especially high. HP considered several ways to address the inventory issue: air-freighting printers to Europe, developing more formalized inventory planning processes, or building a factory in Europe.

Supplements the (A) case.

In 1995, Lucent Technologies' supply chain in Asia had many problems: long lead times, high cost, poor reliability, high inventories, and poor technical support of customers and local Asian operations. This was, in many ways, a result of the historical supply of Asia from the United States. Local Asian facilities had been established as market-entry vehicles and provided some high-level assembly and test, but the supply chain was organized around U.S. production and support. A substantial--and very successful--supply chain redesign was completed in 1996, providing more Asian content. However, continuing changes in the marketplace, suppliers, and the manufacturing environment suggested that the supply chain was no longer optimal.

The advances of the Internet has enabled some companies to dematerialize their products so that digital versions can be personalized and shipped to customers without the usual logistics costs and delays. Once this is achieved, then the opportunities to provide customers with additional services, or to transform from a product-based to a service-based company, could be tremendous. Traces the experience of Intuit in pursuing its digital channel to sell and distribute its products, the challenges faced in making this migration while managing the physical channel, and the new service opportunities that the company created once the digital channel was in place.

Provides an overview of some current issues in logistics: the rise of third party logistics, substitution of information flows for physical flows, the economics of logistics, and international logistics.

Addresses demand forecasting and globalization at Tong Yang's Cement Corp.

Deals with the logistics and incentives at Tong Yang Cement Corp.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. Tremendous variability in orders along the supply chain can plague companies trying to eliminate excess inventory, forecast product demand, and simply make their supply chain more efficient. What causes the bullwhip effect that distorts information as it is transmitted up the chain? The authors identify four major causes: Demand forecast updating, order batching, price fluctuation, and rationing and shortage gaming. The authors suggest several ways in which companies can counteract the bullwhip effect. First, avoid multiple demand forecast updates. Companies can make demand data from downstream available upstream. Or they can bypass the downstream site by selling directly to the consumer. Also, they can improve operational efficiency to reduce highly variable demand and long resupply lead times. Second, break order batches. Companies can use electronic data interchange to reduce the cost of placing orders and place orders more frequently. And they can ship assortments of products in a truckload to counter high transportation costs or use third-party logistics companies to handle shipping. Third, stabilize prices. Manufacturers can reduce the frequency and level of wholesale price discounting to prevent customers from stockpiling. They can also use activity-based costing systems to recognize when companies are buying in bulk. Finally, eliminate gaming in shortage situations. In shortages, suppliers can allocate product based on past sales records rather than on orders, so customers don't exaggerate their orders. They can also eliminate their generous return policies, making it less likely for retailers to cancel orders.

In many mass markets, companies are facing a predicament: customers are demanding not only ever faster order fulfillment but also highly customized products and services. The authors show how the Hewlett-Packard Co. and others have proved that one indeed can deliver customized products quickly and at a low cost. The key to mass-customizing effectively is postponing the task of differentiating a product for a specific customer until the latest possible point in the supply network. Instead of taking a piecemeal approach, companies must rethink and integrate the designs of their products, the processes used to make and deliver those products, and the configuration of their entire supply network. By adopting such a comprehensive approach, they can operate at maximum efficiency and quickly meet customers' orders with minimum amount of inventory.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. Do you consider distribution and inventory costs when you design products? Can you keep your customers informed of when their orders will arrive? Do you know what kind of inventory control systems your dealers use? If not, you've succumbed to the pitfalls of inventory management. You're not alone. Manufacturers have been concentrating on quality of incoming materials and outgoing products, but they haven't been paying as much attention to the costs associated with transporting and storing them. Describes 14 pitfalls of supply chain management and some corresponding opportunities. The more complex your network of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors, the more likely you can gain operational efficiencies by attending to inventory.