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Summarizes the debate on accounting for computer software development costs. Provides a historical description of the development of standards on accounting of computer software development costs, both in the United States and internationally. Describes how, after much debate, standard setters gave companies the option to capitalize development costs that meet definitive standards, such as proof of technological feasibility. An exhibit reveals that, despite the requirement in the financial accounting standard to capitalize post-technological development costs, few large software companies in the United States capitalize any of their software development costs.

Provides a framework for understanding the role of financial reporting and various intermediaries as mechanisms for reducing both adverse selection and moral hazard problems in capital markets. Financial reports reduce adverse selection by providing basic information for investors and their agents before they make initial capital resource allocation decisions. Subsequently, after capital is allocated to particular business ventures, financial reports reduce moral hazard between managers and investors by supplying information used in contracting between investors and managers to reduce conflicts of interests. Various institutional mechanisms and information intermediaries monitor and limit the manipulation of reported information by managers and constrain managers' ability to act in their own self-interest, rather than investors' interests. They also improve information production, reduce incentive conflicts, and enable capital markets to function effectively and efficiently, channeling the economy's savings to the most productive opportunities.

The Percy Group is a diversified real estate development company. The president must decide whether to invest $7.9 million to convert one of the company's apartment buildings into a retirement home. The company had not previously converted or operated a retirement home. He must evaluate industry trends and the expected cash flows necessary to determine whether the investment is expected to earn the company's cost of capital. He must also undertake sensitivity analysis and a qualitative evaluation.

Spreadsheet Supplement for case 12001

Requires students to draw a new organization structure diagram for a rapidly evolving business. A/S DIENA is a newspaper publisher founded during Latvia's 1990/91 struggle for independence from the USSR with a clear social mission to support democracy. With the help of Swedish investors, over the 1990s the entrepreneurial business survives the ups and downs of the transition economy to build a leading national newspaper. In 1997, seeking new sources of growth, A/S DIENA expands outside the Latvian capital to set up the Regional Press Group, a decentralized network of community newspapers emphasizing employee ownership and a separation of roles between editors and publishers. By 2001, however, the community newspaper market is shrinking, the Regional Press Group is not yet profitable, and a Western-style profit planning system is met with some resistance by former state employees. The decision point focuses on how to redesign the Regional Press Group and its interactions with the national newspaper and the other business units of A/S DIENA.

This technical note introduces students to the concept, use, and mechanics of flexible budgeting. It is best used at the beginning of a course module on budgeting or performance measurement/management.

The case deals with the concepts relating to finalization of accounts using basic data on transactions. It is expected that income statement, balance sheet and adjusting will be passed with the help of information given within the case.

The senior management team of Dakota, an office products distributor, is concerned about the company's first loss in history. Explores the role for activity based costing and customer profitability measurement in a distribution company. Dakota's customers are increasingly demanding more specialized services, such as desktop delivery. Also, whereas some customers have switched to electronic ordering, others continue to place their orders manually. Pricing is based on a fixed markup of the cost of the purchased item. The managers feel that the fixed markup may not be compensating them for the higher costs of manual order processing and desktop delivery. The financial manager initiates an effort to estimate the costs of handling the different types of orders so that she can estimate the profitability of individual customers based on their actual order pattern.

This case presents the situation of an unemployed web page designer who starts a new consulting firm with personal savings and a family loan. Two months later, she is to report on operations to her father, using financial reports she must design and construct.

Progressive Insurance had refused to play Wall Street's earning game. Progressive didn't manage reported earnings nor did management give guidance to analysts. Management then considered taking their unique disclosure strategy one step further to become the first to move to monthly reporting of operating results. Significant benefits had accrued from Progressive's refusal to play the earnings game. Management's time wasn't wasted manipulating reported results or talking to analysts, and reported numbers didn't mislead internal or external decision making. However, there were significant costs, as well. Unguided analysts' forecasts were often well off the mark, causing Progressive's stock price to fluctuate widely around quarterly earnings announcements. Analysts' forecasting abilities seemed to be getting worse--during four consecutive quarters in 1999-2000, management felt compelled to give mid-quarter warnings that earnings would fall significantly below the First Call's consensus estimate. To eliminate the need for such mid-quarter warnings, management considered moving to monthly reporting of operating results. With this data, analysts presumably would be able to update their forecasts. Management must decide if the release of monthly results would give competitors information to use against Progressive, and if the release of monthly results would increase or decrease Progressive's stock price volatility.

Tim Williams, the new CFO of a publicly-traded enterprise software company, attempts to rebuild his company's reputation for reliable financial reporting following a highly visible financial reporting crisis. The crisis begins with an earnings shortfall warning, which precipitates a dramatic share price drop, culminating in an SEC investigation and resulting in several shareholder lawsuits. Armed with an understanding of the company business model, sales cycle, and revenue recognition policy, Williams must piece together why the reporting crisis happened. He must assess how these various factors interacted to contribute to the company's crisis, and which policies and business practices under his control can be changed to prevent future financial reporting issues. Looking to rebuild the company's credibility with the financial community, as a first-time CFO of a publicly traded company, Williams must also attempt to understand the role of regulators and capital market intermediaries--in particular, financial analysts.

In the current economic climate, there is tremendous pressure--and personal incentive for managers--to report sales growth and meet investors' revenue expectations. As a result, more companies have issued misleading financial reports, according to the SEC, especially involving game playing around earnings. But it's shareholders who suffer from aggressive accounting strategies; they don't get a true sense of the financial health of the company, and when problems come to light, the shares they're holding can plummet in value. How can investors and their representatives on corporate boards spot trouble before it blows up in their faces? According to the authors, they should keep their eyes peeled for common abuses in six areas: revenue measurement and recognition, provisions and reserves for uncertain future costs, asset valuation, derivatives, related party transactions, and information used for benchmarking performance. This article examines the hazards of each accounting minefield, using examples like Metallgesellschaft, Xerox, MicroStrategy, and Lernout & Hauspie. It also provides a set of questions to ask to determine where a company's accounting practices might be overly aggressive. These questions are the first line of defense against creative accounting. The authors argue that members of corporate boards need to be financially literate.

Discusses the conceptual framework for financial reporting as set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Discusses the objectives of financial statements, assumptions of financial accounting, characteristics of accounting information, accounting principles for recognition and reporting, constraints of financial reporting, and elements of financial statements.

Explains in simple terms and numerical examples how the language of accounting is spoken and communicated to financial statement users. Describes terms such as "debits," "credits," "journal entries," "t-accounts," and "financial statements."

Spreadsheet Supplement for case 101119

Investigates the 1994 Intel Pentium plan.

In early 2000, Verizon Communications implemented a Human Resources Balanced Scorecard to evaluate the effectiveness of and payoffs from human resource management. This case describes the benefits of the scorecard and the challenges of measurement and implementation. Teaching Purpose: To help students understand: 1) how to implement a Balanced Scorecard, 2) how to measure and improve the effectiveness of support functions, and 3) how to link non-financial measures to financial measures of support functions when financial benefits are difficult to quantify.

Supplements Amazon.com in the Year 2000.

After nearly two decades of spectacular performance, Home Depot reported a disappointing performance in the year 2000. The company began expanding its business scope as a result of saturating its growth in the core business. This case explores whether the disappointing performance is just a temporary slip or if the company is reaching the limits of sustainability of its competitive advantage.

The Boston Lyric Opera was the fastest growing opera company in North America during the 1990s. Having successfully completed a move to a larger facility in 1999, the board and general director recognize the need to develop a formal strategic planning and governance process to guide the company into the future. Board members, senior managers, and artistic leaders use the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as the focus of a multi-month strategic planning process that develops a strategy map and objectives in the four BSC perspectives for three core strategic themes. This case describes the high-level scorecard development, its cascading down to departments and individuals and the directors' interactions--using the Balanced Scorecard--with the artistic leaders and board of directors.