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The Petrobras case explores the debt financing decisions of one of the largest oil companies in the world. The task is to decide on debt issues that are needed to finance growth investments of Petrobras. Learning objectives: The case gives the opportunity to price a corporate bond issue, and understand the mechanics behind bond markets. Some of the topics that can be covered are: expected costs (percentage yield) that Petrobras will incur, ratings and spreads, financial crisis, coupon rates and the value of the bonds, underwriter discount, all-in-cost of the bond.

The Petrobras case explores the debt financing decisions of one of the largest oil companies in the world. The task is to decide on debt issues that are needed to finance growth investments of Petrobras. Learning objectives: The case gives the opportunity to price a corporate bond issue, and understand the mechanics behind bond markets. Some of the topics that can be covered are: expected costs (percentage yield) that Petrobras will incur, ratings and spreads, financial crisis, coupon rates and the value of the bonds, underwriter discount, all-in-cost of the bond.

An initial public offering (IPO) is the first sale of stock or shares by a company to the public. IPOs are often issued by smaller, younger companies seeking capital to expand, although they can also be done by large privately owned companies looking to become publicly traded. When a company lists its shares on a public exchange it will almost always issue additional new shares at the same time. The money paid by investors for the newly issued shares goes directly to the company (versus later trades of shares on the exchange, in which money passes between investors). Therefore, the IPO provides the company with access to a wide pool of stock market investors who can provide significant capital for future growth. Instead of the company repaying this capital, the new shareholders will have a right to future profits distributed by the company and the right to a capital distribution in the case of dissolution. Once the company is listed, it can continue to issue shares, which again provide it with capital for expansion without incurring debt. This ability to regularly raise large amounts of capital from the general market is a key incentive for many companies seeking to list. Additional reasons for going public include providing liquidity for venture investors, management, and employees, who are typically holders of stock options. In addition, through an IPO, the company gains worldwide prestige with customers, suppliers, and within its local and business communities.

This two-page case demonstrates how to unbundle the cost of credit extensions from product prices by observing the price of a credit default swap. It also explores how credit default swaps work, and how trade creditors are treated under U.S. bankruptcy law. Finally it provides a quick overview of the bankruptcy of General Motors Corp.

A real estate developer in West Bengal chooses between two master plans for a 260 acre new township considering design, financing, and phasing. Two detailed master plans are considered, one with a radial design and an internal town square and one with a grid design and internal focus on parks and water features. The designs have different revenue potential, different cost implications, and different phasing decisions. The analysis includes soft issues and aesthetic issues including what contributes to the feel of a place and what contributes to various land uses supporting each other (retail, residential, office). The analysis also includes a detailed proforma for each plan. This case builds on "Bardhaman (A): Shrachi and the West Bengal Housing Board."

A real estate developer decides whether to enter into a public private partnership with the government of West Bengal to develop a township on farmland. The decisions include whether to expand operations from the company's base in Kolkata to Bardhaman, 100 km away; whether to subdivide and sell raw land lots or follow the developer's vision and build a planned township; whether to enter into a public private partnership with the government of West Bengal, led by the Left Front and the Communist Party of India as equity partners; or whether to also accept a private equity firm into the project, what to build, and in what sequence.

Dollarama is the leading operator of dollar stores in Canada. The firm performed extraordinarily well after a leveraged buyout in 2004, and recently executed a highly successful IPO. The company sources its goods primarily from Asia. It has strong brand recognition and competitive advantages in operations, purchasing, and merchandising. In the face of margin pressures, Dollarama recently took the risky decision to move from the single one dollar price point to multiple price points. The additional price points offer some flexibility, but customers' appetite for purchasing products priced above $1 has yet to be fully determined. Dollarama is on a fast growth track but remains chiefly concerned about its vulnerability to supply disruptions and to increases in merchandise costs from higher input prices. The firm appears quite overvalued based on a multiples analysis, but considerably undervalued based on a discounted cash flow analysis.

Spreadsheet Supplement for case 299034

A small start-up company must make additional investments to maximize its firm value. But the company owner will not make this investment unless she can renegotiate outstanding debt claims. Solving this "debt overhang" problem through negotiation is the focus of the case. In this context, students are exposed to a variety of issues: the nature of financial claims, bargaining and negotiation fundamentals, and agency costs of debt.

The Congressional Oversight Panel wants to value the warrants issued to the government in connection with the TARP investments of 2008, in order to increase the transparency of options repurchases. The case describes the methodology used to value the warrants. Students have the opportunity to value warrants issued by 10 of the largest banks and to evaluate whether the Black-Scholes model can be used to value these very long-lived 10 options. Can be used to teach basic option valuation using Black-Scholes, but also raise dynamic hedging issues of interest to advanced students.

The Congressional Oversight Panel wants to value the warrants issued to the government in connection with the TARP investments of 2008, in order to increase the transparency of options repurchases. The case describes the methodology used to value the warrants. This case follows "The Congressional Oversight Panel's Valuation of the TARP Warrants (A)"; it describes the findings of the Panel's TARP Warrants Report and public and Congressional reactions.

In November, 2008, BCI Inc. (BCE) appeared to be on track to meet a December 2008 deadline to complete a $52-billion privatization deal. A consortium had previously submitted a winning leveraged buyout (LBO) bid that was estimated to add an estimated $32 billion in debt to the company. Mere days before the deal's "termination date," BCE executives were stunned to hear that KPMG auditors advised the deal was in jeopardy of collapse - based on a clause that normally merited little attention. The auditors noted that, on the basis of preliminary assessment, the company had not passed a required "solvency test" which compared the estimated value of BCE's assets and liabilities in the event that BCE needed to liquidate. BCE executives had little time to determine if the deal could still be saved and if so, how? Conversely, if the deal could not be completed, what would the organization's next steps be?

The Li family, the sole owners of Hongxing Auto Sales and Service, are ready to sell the company. They must determine how much the business is worth and the best method of negotiating the sale of the business. This case deals with the valuation of a small, privately-owned business, and will develop students' skills in sizing up a business and placing a value on a business using a variety of methods, including liquidation value, discounted cash flow and price-earnings multiples.

Under pressure from the Rainforest Action Network to make their lending policies more sustainable, executives at the Royal Bank of Canada who deal with issues of corporate citizenship and sustainability must decide whether to continue financing companies involved in extracting oil from the tar sands of Alberta, Canada. The case asks students to consider the following questions: 1) Should banks lend to any business or industry the government deems to be sustainable? 2) What are the risks of lending to businesses some stakeholders deem unsustainable? 3) How should banks respond when pressured by an interest group? 4) How does a bank decide what is sustainable lending practice? The supplement B case RBC-Financing Oil Sands (B), product number 9B10M016, is also available.

Under pressure from the Rainforest Action Network to make their lending policies more sustainable, executives at the Royal Bank of Canada who deal with issues of corporate citizenship and sustainability must decide whether to continue financing companies involved in extracting oil from the tar sands of Alberta, Canada. The case asks students to consider the following questions: 1) Should banks lend to any business or industry the government deems to be sustainable? 2) What are the risks of lending to businesses some stakeholders deem unsustainable? 3) How should banks respond when pressured by an interest group? 4) How does a bank decide what is sustainable lending practice? This is a supplement to RBC-Financing Oil Sands (A), product number 9B10M015.

The president of a small Toronto, Ontario consulting firm specializing in sponsorship and experimental marketing looks at adding a public relations division to the firm. Students are required to analyze the external environment, identify corporate strengths and weaknesses, identify qualitative pros and cons, prepare projected statements, look at the timeliness of the option, and evaluate the business plan before arriving at a final decision.

Cricket Real Estate Advisors needs to decide if they should invest in a proposed joint venture development with Buddy Holly & Associates. Holly is a successful northern Virginia office developer who plans to develop two buildings containing 232,750 rentable square feet. Students need to evaluate the deal's structure and financial arrangements, recommend changes and decide whether to proceed with the deal.

A recession in the U.S. economy began at the end of 2007. Concerns deepened as an epic financial crisis shattered business and consumer confidence. By the fall of 2008, the United States was in the midst of the worst recession since the 1930s, and major financial institutions were on the verge of bankruptcy. The financial crisis and recession spread around the world. Many saw a risk that the global financial system might collapse, perhaps precipitating a repetition of the lengthy economic devastation of the 1930s depression. Governments reacted by creating huge stimulus packages that greatly increased national deficits and debts, and by loosening monetary policies with interest rates close to zero and huge expansions of the money supply. In their efforts to save the financial system, governments also offered bail-out packages to banks, including loans, guarantees and equity. By the fall of 2009, the crisis had stabilized, and the appearance of green shoots gave promise of recovery. By 2010, it was possible to put the financial crisis in perspective, and to raise questions about the causes and consequences. Of particular concern was whether new regulations might be needed to prevent a recurrence, and whether some of the tighter regulations should be international in scope. A related concern was whether such regulations should be applied to non-bank financial institutions as well as banks. Governments were also trying to determine how to exit the unique fiscal and monetary positions that now seemed to put their economies at risk of ongoing deficits and future inflation.

This case consists primarily of excerpts from term sheets and prospectuses for six securities offerings made by US companies during 2009-2010, just after the financial crisis and recession of 2008-09. There are three issues of senior unsecured notes, one floating rate note, one equity offering, and one convertible note. The issuers are Microsoft, Coca Cola Enterprises, Norfolk Southern, IBM, Ford Motor, and Cephalon.