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In June 2022, two MBA students from a post-secondary institution in India were asked by their professor to build a valuation model for HDFC Life Insurance Company Limited to assess the company's stock price for investors. The students understood the importance of the task and tracked the company's historic stock price. They found that its share price dropped considerably in 2021, as the company's profits decreased due to a high number of claims during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, however, the company witnessed a rise in profits mainly due to a high number of premiums, as fears from COVID-19 infections led more people to buy insurance coverage. Given that the company's profits and performance had been fluctuating, the students wanted to know whether the stock was undervalued, overvalued, or fairly priced. Their task was to determine the ideal stock price and whether to recommend the stock to investors.

This case study focuses on the emergence of art finance, a way to provide liquidity to art collectors by structuring loans using works of art as collateral. Sayuri Ganepola, global managing director of Art Finance at Christie's, provides a view of art lending from Christie's perspective and describes Christie's competitive advantages in this new line of business. Ganepola has to decide whether to lend against a portfolio of art and what risks such a loan could entail, given her overall portfolio of art loans. Students receive information on the collateral and are asked to provide recommendations. The field-based case provides background on the history of Christie's, its businesses, and its art lending operations. The case also discusses the art market and its historical returns on investment. Students have the opportunity to consider art as collateral for a loan and to discuss the challenges of risk management in art lending. At the Darden School of Business, this case is taught in "Financial Institutions and Markets," a second-year MBA elective. It is ideally suited for a course on financial institutions, money and banking, and risk management.

As Lorena Scaloni sat in her office at Riverwalk Wealth Management, she was starting to get just a little nervous. The end of the week marked the day when she would be standing before a room filled with her peers and investment professionals, ready to present her vision for the future of Riverwalk’s financial advisory practice. The audience had no qualms about challenging her ideas or casting doubt if her vision lacked persuasiveness or her action plan failed to convince them.<br><br>As one of the three partners at Riverwalk, Scaloni had a reasonable understanding of the challenges confronting both the industry and her firm. Although not entirely clear, she knew that the financial advice industry was undergoing a significant reckoning. Scaloni identified her vision to ensure a thriving future for Riverwalk. Now she had to present that vision to her peers.

In June 2023, Prerna Mathews, vice president of Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) Product Strategy at Mackenzie Investments (Mackenzie), was considering what ETFs to launch for the remainder of the year. As Mathews deliberated over the potential launch of a covered call ETF at Mackenzie, she had many things to consider. How would this product compare to existing investment solutions offered by Mackenzie? What should the underlying portfolio that the calls were written on be, and what percentage of the portfolio should be covered? What should be the expiration date and strike price on the written calls? Mathews knew that these critical product decisions would have significant consequences on how such an ETF would perform under various market conditions, as well as the costs Mackenzie would incur in managing the ETF.

As Lorena Scaloni sat in her office at Riverwalk Wealth Management, she was starting to get just a little nervous. The end of the week marked the day when she would be standing before a room filled with her peers and investment professionals, ready to present her vision for the future of Riverwalk's financial advisory practice. The audience had no qualms about challenging her ideas or casting doubt if her vision lacked persuasiveness or her action plan failed to convince them. As one of the three partners at Riverwalk, Scaloni had a reasonable understanding of the challenges confronting both the industry and her firm. Although not entirely clear, she knew that the financial advice industry was undergoing a significant reckoning. Scaloni identified her vision to ensure a thriving future for Riverwalk. Now she had to present that vision to her peers.

This case is about TPG Rise Climate, a $7.3 billion climate impact fund launched in 2021 by alternative asset manager TPG. Climate investing is a complex, capital-intensive endeavor; entering it has forced TPG to think and act differently. Relative to other funds, Rise Climate's investments take longer to mature, require far more capital, and are more vulnerable to swings in commodity markets and fickle government policies. Set in December 2023, the case finds TPG considering the future for Monolith, a Rise Climate portfolio company with significant impact potential but an uncertain business model.

Spreadsheet supplement for case 224023.

Spreadsheet supplement for case 224001.

In February 2021, Scott Sheffield, the CEO of Pioneer Natural Resources (an independent oil and gas company based in Texas), was considering the possibility of enhancing the firm's capital return strategy by introducing a variable dividend tied to cash flows in addition to the firm's base dividend as a way to distribute more cash to shareholders when performance was good and cash flows were high. Although oil prices had fallen precipitously to less than $20 per barrel in early 2020 due to the recession caused by the Covid pandemic, they had rebounded to more than $60 per barrel in February 2021. As a result, exploration and production (E&P) companies including Pioneer were expected to generate significantly higher profits in 2021, prompting many firms to consider ways to distribute excess cash to shareholders. Sheffield had to decide whether to adopt a new "base plus variable" dividend policy. As part of that decision, he had to decide whether it was materially different from and better than a policy with a growing base dividend supplemented with periodic share repurchases. And if he did decide to recommend a new policy to the board of directors, he had to determine the magnitude and the frequency of the variable dividend.

Facilitated by hot Diablo winds, dry weather, and combustible vegetation, the Camp Fire in November 2018 almost destroyed the town of Paradise in Butte County, California. The fire also led to the demise of Merced Property and Casualty Company (Merced), a small property and casualty insurer based in Atwater, California. Following the Camp Fire, homeowners’ insurance claims exceeded Merced’s ability to pay out their insurance claims, and in December 2018, Merced was put into liquidation by the California Insurance Guarantee Association. In September 2021, Jessy Picado, chief executive officer of Insuredhouse, a small property and casualty insurer in Alberta, Canada, decided to scrutinize the case of Merced in a bid to restructure Insuredhouse’s climate risk management plan. Picado appointed Dany Voisin, chief risk officer, to identify the reasons for the downfall of Merced and draw lessons from it. Voisin had to determine what available information and financial ratios would have been indicators of Merced’s business vulnerability and use them in his analysis before making recommendations to Insuredhouse.

The case examines Levi Strauss' journey in implementing machine learning and AI into its financial forecasting process. The apparel company partnered with the IT company Wipro in 2017 to develop a machine learning algorithm that could help Levi Strauss forecast its revenues and earnings. The CFO of Levi Strauss, Harmit Singh, believed incorporating AI and machine learning into Levi Strauss' forecasting process would make the process more efficient and the resulting forecasts more accurate. While the algorithm led to more accurate forecasts, there were challenges to implementing and interpreting the AI-produced forecasts.

As a digital value-management tool, the blockchain is often considered to be the financial infrastructure for the digital economy. Unsurprisingly, lending and borrowing markets have emerged within this ecosystem. Initially, centralized services led by trading platforms dominated the market, followed by decentralized solutions that use the blockchain's ability to execute code. The authors share findings from their research, which explored how incentive programs offered by lending protocols to attract users are impacting the deposits and loans. Among their key findings: While 'liquidity mining' programs effectively draw activity to their platforms, a considerable fraction of that activity is 'phantom'-created by users that are exploiting rewards from both sides of the market.

More than one third of new investors use social media to research investment advice. If such advice is independently produced by a variety of different contributors, it can benefit investors, because research shows that averaging independent judgments generally improves accuracy. This is known as 'the wisdom-of-the-crowd effect.' However, social media platforms disseminate information using engagement algorithms that are influenced by popularity bias. The authors share findings from their research, which reveals that information on social media displays excessive optimism about future outcomes on earnings announcements and leads to price run-ups.

Andrés Perez had one month leading up to March 30, 2022, to present the available alternatives and his recommendation to the family council, which would determine the future of Arqustik Vitruvio S.A.S. The company in Palmira, Colombia, specializes in producing PVC doors and windows and has been grappling with a severe financial crisis over the past four years. This crisis was primarily attributed to inadequate management under the previous administration, further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the social unrest experienced in Colombia in April 2021. Andrés found himself at a crossroads, faced with the crucial decision of recommending the most favorable course of action to his family. The available options were to either retain ownership of the company by restructuring the debt and introducing new product lines, sell it to a construction company that had presented a concrete offer, or consider the proposition of an external partner specialized in door and window manufacturing, who had expressed interest in buying 40% of shares. His recommendation needed to balance the economic and non-economic interests of his family.

Spreadsheet Suppliment for Case NA0818

In February 2023, a prominent retail investor was contemplating selling his investment in Narayana Hrudayalya Limited, one of India’s leading health care companies, when the stock price reached an all-time high of ₹800. The investor had initially bought the shares in 2017, when the price was ₹350 per share. On February 6, 2023, he came across an article about the company that discussed its future prospects, which prompted him to investigate the company’s financials and other key aspects more closely. As he delved deeper into the company’s financial details, the investor discovered various diverse opinions in various reports. To gain some clarity on the company’s financial situation, he asked for the professional advice of his nephew, who was an investment analyst at a prominent stockbroker firm. The analyst knew the importance of conducting a thorough analysis of a company before offering an informed conclusion and investment recommendation to his uncle. He also saw his analysis as an opportunity to provide valuable insight to his own current and prospective clients.

Spreadsheet to accompany product W33861.

Spreadsheet to accompany product W33862.