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A digital twin can be described as a digital model of a real object. But what makes it different from a prototype? How are digital twins being used in business settings outside manufacturing? How do they relate to machine learning and augmented reality? When digital twins meet their fullest potential, they enable businesses to optimize operations by managing their assets more efficiently, generating higher productivity, and reducing costs. This technical note discusses some potential benefits and drawbacks of digital twins; offers examples in aviation, car manufacturing, and agriculture; and helps managers identify where implementing the technology may be useful.

The case documents Fu Sheng Gardening, a Taiwanese flower company that transformed from a wholesaler to a retailer, facing challenges and opportunities. The case suits undergraduate and graduate students taking Operations and Supply Chain Management courses. To answer the case questions, students should apply knowledge in global supply chains, perishable goods, sustainability, e-commerce, supply chain risk, dual-channel supply chains, and transportation. The case can be used for an independent discussion session of 90 minutes to integrate students' learning.

Special trains are unscheduled trains run to meet the unexpected surge in demand during holidays and festive seasons, which is generally difficult to predict. Special trains were therefore allocated at SCR using rule-based processes, resulting in suboptimal revenues and occupancy rates. This case presents a data-driven approach to schedule special trains based on passenger waitlist data and application of statistical techniques.

Spreadsheet supplement for case ISB396.

Spreadsheet supplement for case ISB396.

Transportation plays a key role in Canada's economy. The principal objective of this note is to provide a Canadian perspective on transportation. The first part deals with Canada's transportation network, providing an overview of the transportation services sector and the economic importance of transportation. The second section examines the role of government in Canada's transportation sector, including government policy. The third section describes the characteristics of each of the six main modes of transportation: air, rail, truck, marine, pipeline, and intermodal. The final section addresses the key challenges facing the Canadian transportation sector, including environmental and safety issues.

Since its beginning in 2021, Stitchwheel LLC (Stitchwheel), a needlepoint canvas painting service, had seen immediate success. From the company’s inception, the co-founder of Stitchwheel had been assessing the advantages and disadvantages of an expansion strategy and wondered what barriers she might encounter. She was also assessing the viability to expand beyond painted needlepoint canvases to achieve substantial growth. Within a short time frame, the company had enjoyed strong brand recognition and offered a meaningful unique selling proposition, but there were still many questions about the company’s next steps, including which growth strategy would be most suitable. Did the company have the necessary resources and skilled management team to adequately monitor and support growth? What marketing and operational issues was the company likely to encounter with expansion?

Alzheimer's Disease is a devastating condition affecting millions of Americans. At this time, there is no cure. In 2021, Biogen's Aduhelm (aducanumab) received FDA approval under the accelerated approval pathway after a controversial approval process. This case explores Alzheimer's drug development, Aduhelm's clinical trials, FDA regulatory processes, the impact of the disease on payors and the broader healthcare system, the valuation of an Alzheimer's therapy, and the valuation of the company that produces it.

In 2023, Detroit-based Barton Malow completed the first high-rise building in the U.S. built from the top-down using LIFTbuild, a patented methodology that aimed to make construction safer and more efficient. By completing building work at ground level and then automatically lifting and locking floors into place, the new process eliminated many of the dangers and inefficiencies of constructing buildings at height. The century-old construction firm hoped its novel methodology would pave the way for a better way to build but found that innovating a well-established industry was challenging. CEO Ryan Maibach must determine how to grow the business and increase adoption of LIFTbuild.

The newly appointed Senior Vice President of Trendy needs to put its supply chain on a more sustainable footing for the future. Trendy is an imaginary fast fashion company with a market base in Europe and a global supply chain. Core themes and actions that improve both sustainability targets and/or operational performance are discussed in the case. For sustainability, these include waste reduction, sustainability accounting, and partnerships with suppliers and eco-labels. For operational improvements, these include changing the manufacturing footprint, digitalizing the supply chain, and reducing the product portfolio. The case examines improving sustainability on Scopes 1, 2, and 3. While the case setting is in the fast fashion industry, lessons provided by this case are applicable to many industries seeking to improve their operational sustainability. The case challenges students to bring together different elements of the supply chain course to meet the objective of having more sustainable practices and achieving better operational performance.

In June 2021, the head of the information technology department at Ka Shui Group, a Hong Kong–based original equipment and original brand manufacturing company, was asked by the group’s chief executive officer to evaluate whether Ka Shui Group should discontinue the Industry 4.0 program it had been using as road map for digital transformation. Ka Shui Group had launched the program in 2016 with the goal of creating a cyber-physical, connected workplace featuring digitized data transparency and connectivity, smart manufacturing and research and development, and self-monitoring and error-correction capabilities. However, the i4.0 initiative had yet to progress beyond this first stage over the last three years. The program’s cascading progress within Ka Shui Group was stagnant, and results were meagre. At the same time, stakeholders were getting restless. All these problems, along with lukewarm reactions from employees and questions from investors about the benefits of Industry 4.0, were forcing Ka Shui to consider whether it was necessary to discontinue the program and, if so, what direction it should take next.

In June 2021, the head of the information technology department at Ka Shui Group, a Hong Kong-based original equipment and original brand manufacturing company, was asked by the group's chief executive officer to evaluate whether Ka Shui Group should discontinue the Industry 4.0 program it had been using as road map for digital transformation. Ka Shui Group had launched the program in 2016 with the goal of creating a cyber-physical, connected workplace featuring digitized data transparency and connectivity, smart manufacturing and research and development, and self-monitoring and error-correction capabilities. However, the i4.0 initiative had yet to progress beyond this first stage over the last three years. The program's cascading progress within Ka Shui Group was stagnant, and results were meagre. At the same time, stakeholders were getting restless. All these problems, along with lukewarm reactions from employees and questions from investors about the benefits of Industry 4.0, were forcing Ka Shui to consider whether it was necessary to discontinue the program and, if so, what direction it should take next.

Spreadsheet supplement for case 623090.

This exercise examines three different family enterprise scenarios to open a conversation on what makes them successful. We look at how there is no strategy that fits all for family businesses, but there are strategies that can influence both the business and the family in positive ways in order to establish and cement legacies.

Global furniture giant Inter IKEA Systems B.V. (IKEA) announced its intent to become a circular and climate-positive business by 2030. In order to achieve these goals, the company had to find ways for consumers to cycle end-of-life products back to its facilities. IKEA was implementing this process—known as reverse logistics—via international sell-back and leasing programs. It was unclear, however, if the company’s efforts would be enough to make its operations sustainable. Additionally, the question remained as to whether IKEA was truly focused on sustainability and responsibility or if it was simply attempting to maximize customer lifetime value.

Global furniture giant Inter IKEA Systems B.V. (IKEA) announced its intent to become a circular and climate-positive business by 2030. In order to achieve these goals, the company had to find ways for consumers to cycle end-of-life products back to its facilities. IKEA was implementing this process-known as reverse logistics-via international sell-back and leasing programs. It was unclear, however, if the company's efforts would be enough to make its operations sustainable. Additionally, the question remained as to whether IKEA was truly focused on sustainability and responsibility or if it was simply attempting to maximize customer lifetime value.

Implicitly or explicitly, product-development teams in digital spaces will go through a process of gathering and employing data to help them create and iterate upon a user experience that invites high engagement. An important part of gathering this data is having actual users test the product, but in order to learn what testable criteria constitute successful user behaviors, managers and teams can employ user stories, testable micronarratives about user experience. User stories give managers and teams important tools they can use to focus their observations, bring actionable ideas, and facilitate productive work on development-ready designs. In particular, they can give general managers a focal point for their work on continuous design and a way to prioritize with purpose as they decide on a backlog for development, iteration to iteration. This technical note takes readers on a deep dive into user stories as they apply to continuous design, prototyping, usability testing, and analytics. It explores how managers and teams can create, refine, and prioritize them to help create the best possible user experience within the products they are designing.

In March 2023, two strawberry producers in Ontario, Canada had to decide how many acres to plant with each of four strawberry varieties at Xanadu Farms. They had committed to providing 275,000 pounds of berries to a local independent grocery chain and also required some of their berry crop to make strawberry preserves. Complicating this decision was the impact that weather had on the yield of each type of berry. If the weather reduced the yield, the two producers would need to make up for the loss by sourcing berries from several nearby farmers. However, if the weather was favourable, they would be able to sell any excess berries at their own storefront. What current decision should the two strawberry producers make to ensure they achieve the best outcome one year later?

Student Spreadsheet to accompany product W33716.