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The amount of value in any given product will always lie in the eye of the beholder. Yet universal building blocks of value do exist. Two senior Bain & Company experts describe the 'elements of value' for both business-to-consumer and business-to-business products. They explain how they have organized these elements (30 for B2C and 40 for B2B) into a hierarchical pyramid inspired by Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs-with basic value offerings at the bottom and aspirational offerings at the top. Apple's iPhone, for instance, covers 11 of the 30 possible elements of value for consumers. The challenge for leaders today, they argue, is to compare their value offerings to their competitors; seek to close value gaps; and come up with innovative new combinations of value.

The authors argue that innovation is a social process tied to human emotions and reliant on inexact methodologies in which humans collaborate and solutions emerge over time. The authors argue that Design Thinking is a key part of 'innovation 2.0'-a new approach to innovation that involves a different set of participants in the process and uses a different approach. For example, in Innovation 2.0, the focus is on developing previously-unseen possibilities rather than starting out with existing options. They provide examples of organizations that are embracing innovation 2.0 and show what it looks like in practice.

Despite the increase in AI-enabled applications, significant adoption of AI in business remains low: According to a survey by the Boston Consulting Group, only 1 in 20 companies has extensively incorporated AI. Nevertheless, every industry includes companies that are ahead of the pack. The authors-all senior BCG consultants-present a wide variety of uses, from marketing to operations to support functions, that demonstrate just how effective AI can be in creating value.

Even with impressively large data sets and the best analytics tools, we are still vulnerable to a range of decision-making pitfalls, especially when information overload leads us to take shortcuts in reasoning. As a result, in some instances, data and analytics actually make matters worse. The authors show that leaders need to be aware of three common data-related decision making pitfalls: the confirmation trap, the over-confidence trap and the over-fitting trap. They describe each in detail and provide practical tips for overcoming each type of bias.

Since the industrial revolution, we have been living in a linear economy. Our consumer and "single use" lifestyles have made the planet a "take, make, dispose" world. This refers to a unidirectional model of production: natural resources provide our factory inputs, which are then used to create mass-produced goods to be purchased and, typically, disposed after a single use. This linear economy model of mass production and mass consumption is testing the physical limits of the globe. It is, therefore, unsustainable and a shift toward a circular economy is becoming inevitable.

This article presents an in-depth case study detailing the history, experiences, and wider practitioner and policy lessons from a circular economy business model over a 30-year period, highlighting the successes, difficulties, and conflicts of adopting a circular economy model. The case is based on interviews, key documents, and customer insight. The findings demonstrate how sustained circular economy business practices can deliver significant new revenues, resource productivity, and business continuity benefits, but also require managers and practitioners to develop competencies and capabilities, such as balancing linear and circular systems, to address complex and highly dynamic factors, including rapid technological shifts and market volatility.

In late 2017, Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), Canada's oldest retail company, was facing considerable pressure from activist investor Land & Buildings Investment Management (LBIM) after recording a CA$201 million loss in the second quarter of 2017. Immediately after posting the loss, HBC unveiled its Transformation Plan, which involved a significant restructuring of the company. However, continued clashes with LBIM revealed the plan's inability to alleviate shareholders' concerns. LBIM urged the company to tap into the value of its real estate holdings, which were undervalued relative to the current market capitalization. In the face of these concerns, HBC's chief executive officer announced that he would be stepping down at the beginning of November 2017. How should HBC proceed?

This case provides a brief update on Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp.

Since being founded in 2006, Patanjali Ayurved Ltd. had emerged as a major player in India's fast-moving consumer goods sector. The company differentiated its products with a unique mix of Indian nationalism, yoga spiritualism, social welfare motives, and natural/Ayurvedic ingredients. In combination with low prices and a low-cost position, this strategy challenged the incumbent multinational and conventional Indian competitors. As a result, competitors, including Hindustan Unilever Ltd., Colgate-Palmolive India, Dabur India Ltd., and Sri Sri Ayurveda, had to decide how to respond to this new competitor and capitalize on the growth opportunities in the Indian market.

With more than 72,000 employees and revenues approaching the $50B mark, Cisco Systems is one of the largest information technology and networking firms globally. As the company grew and expanded into different lines of businesses, Cisco consistently looked outwards for acquisition targets that could supplement its considerable size and reach. As a follow-up to its well-received $2.7B acquisition of SourceFire in 2013, which seamlessly integrated new cybersecurity offerings into the Security business group, Cisco began conversations with OpenDNS. OpenDNS was a fast-growing start-up with credibility in the cloud security space, but there were also concerns about how its Silicon Valley culture and flat organizational culture would mesh with Cisco's more staid corporate environment. This case considers the dilemmas that two Cisco executives, Karen Ashley and Dianne Nakanishi, face as they make a final decision about whether and how to acquire and integrate OpenDNS.

In late 2017, senior management staff at New Flyer Industries Inc. (NFI) were reflecting on the recent growth of their company. NFI was an automotive company that specialized in heavy-duty transit buses and motor coaches. It had been over a year since it had acquired Motor Coach Industries International Inc., and the leadership team was pleased with NFI's performance; however, they wondered why the company's stock price had become stagnant in recent months. NFI had a long history of operational excellence and innovation and had exhibited growth through acquisitions. Had NFI reached the limits of its current strategy? What opportunities and threats existed in the industry? Which resources had enabled the firm to achieve market success? The management team needed to analyze the business and its environment to identify a way forward.

Wilderness Safaris sees itself as a conservation company that is built on a business model of providing high-end, premium-priced wildlife safaris in various locations in Africa. Dependent on functioning, healthy ecosystems for its long-term survivability as a business, it invests heavily in conservation efforts, both directly, with communities and governments, and with partners and competitors. It may be reaching saturation of the high-cost, high-priced, low-volume, luxury travel product in its existing locations, so to continue its growth it is now trying to expand into East Africa, where the traditional safari approach by most providers has been a high-volume, low-cost, low-priced product. As a publicly- listed company, can Wilderness Safaris find a sustainable growth path that will allow it to profitably expand its business and meet its shareholder's interests while still achieving its priority purposes of protecting and investing in the ecosystems and communities on which its services are based?

It's common practice to develop a handful of strategic priorities to focus strategy -but formulated correctly, they're also useful communication tools for both internal and external stakeholders. Clear, credible priorities linked to explicit metrics offer a framework for assessing progress toward the company's goals, in a way that abstractions like vision or mission cannot.

Most CEOs have detailed long-term plans, which are often closely held secrets out of concern that competitive advantage may be undermined by detailed disclosure. Yet disclosing a long-term plan provides an opportunity to identify financially material sustainability issues and demonstrate how the company manages business-critical issues -information that's valuable to investors.

As sexy as it is to speculate about new technologies such as AI, robots, and the internet of things, the focus on technology can steer the conversation in a dangerous direction. Because when it comes to digital transformation, digital is not the answer. Transformation is. In various industries, including banking, paint, and shipbuilding, digital leaders are finding that technology's value comes from doing business differently because technology makes it possible.

Customer relationships can evolve through four stages -they can be transactional, transitional, communal, or damaged. Understanding each of these stages, using them to classify customer relationships, and tailoring CRM efforts accordingly can enable your company to better deploy its limited CRM dollars. Not all outreach efforts work equally well in all stages of a relationship. And without this kind of tailoring, you're likely wasting some of your CRM budget.

At the April 2013 meeting of the Board of the Seacoast Science Center (SSC), the major issues for Board discussion were adoption of a new "elevator pitch" and whether to take on a new responsibility, saving marine mammals. The "elevator pitch" was designed to clarify the SSC's mission statement and make explanation of the SSC easier and more consistent. Marine Mammal Rescue (MMR) would be an entirely new activity for the Center. Marine mammals were protected under federal law. The New England Aquarium had been responsible for evaluating the condition of marine mammals, chiefly seals, that came ashore on New Hampshire beaches, but was not renewing its federal contract as of January, 2014. The SSC was the only organization that could take over. Some SSC personnel had volunteered with seal rescues. Wendy Lull, SSC President, needed unanimous approval from the board before SSC could apply for the federal contract. Board discussion was heated, focused primarily on cost and on mission fit. The case ends late in meeting, without a vote having yet been taken. Students may be asked how they would vote on this new project.