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The farmer producer company (FPC) Sahyadri Farmer Producer Company Ltd. (Sahyadri Farms) commenced with a mission of safeguarding fair compensation to the small landholding farmers of India in exchange for their produce and hard labour. Sahyadri Farms was a market leader in grape exports, especially to Europe, but when export freight charges shot up dramatically due to the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the company was forced to enter into the domestic market to survive. The company’s domestic business, Sahyadri Supply Chain Company Ltd., had very high operating costs compared to those of local intermediaries, who operated without the same professionals, standardized logistics, or software. The company was rigorously partnering with young innovators to incorporate technologies like blockchain into the agricultural sector, and it needed a new business model. However, as a company in a low-profitability sector with jobs that were not lucrative and were situated in remote locations, it faced challenges in attracting and retaining the young talent it needed to support the growth of an increasingly complex business in the domestic market.

Spreadsheet to accompany product W28519.

Presentation to accompany product W28519.

In 2006, two entrepreneurs founded Fugumobile Co. Ltd., a digital marketing agency based in Shanghai, China. The company grew organically in China by adapting to the evolving trends in digital marketing. In May 2021, the founders were facing a dilemma and had to choose between two options for sustainable and profitable growth of their company. The first option was to reach an extensive client base by continuing to deliver standardized services at affordable prices, which offered the company modest growth and profitability. The second option was to offer customized services at a premium price, which was more rewarding but would require recruiting experienced workers with a proven track record for selling and delivering high quality customized services, who were typically employed by large agencies and demanded significantly high salaries. The two founders had to decide which path to take.

Set in 2022, the case describes the partnership between Unilever Food Solutions (UFS) and The Social Kitchen (TSK), a social enterprise, to launch Unilever's flagship alt-meat brand 'The Vegetarian Butcher' (TVB) in Singapore. With a focus on 'future foods', Unilever planned to double the number of products that delivered positive nutrition and minimised environmental impact by 2025. Its vegan foods portfolio comprised nearly 700 products, with TVB as its most significant addition in the high-growth space of plant-based nutrition. UFS's tie up with TSK was driven by its aim to create social impact by helping people make healthier and sustainable lifestyle choices. Furthermore, positioning TVB as a 'brand with a purpose' could help it stand out in the highly competitive plant-based food space. TSK, a well-established social enterprise, provided UFS with an appropriate and credible platform to launch TVB in the city-state. The restaurant at Singapore's Jurong Bird Park, a popular tourist attraction, opened in partnership with TSK, proved to be a cost-effective platform for creating social media impressions, brand awareness and consumer interest. The full menu integration enabled TVB to experiment and develop new products for the taste palate of the locals. However, TSK comprised only one restaurant so far. Was that sufficient to launch TVB successfully in the highly competitive Singapore market? Should the company also look at other alternate food service channels to widen TVB's visibility? Moreover, did the venture generate adequate returns on the investments made by Unilever? Did the brand partnership with TSK and the related social media buzz generate enough sales leads to justify the collaboration moving forward? Most importantly, were sales and profitability in the short-term good enough criteria to assess the long-term intangibles such as a 'socially responsible' brand image and goodwill?

Neeraj Gupta, Principal Investment Officer at the International Finance Corporation (IFC), led the IFC team tasked with assisting the Indian government to structure water sanitation Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects along the Ganga River. India depends heavily on the river to support its agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Additionally, the river also held religious significance for Hindus. However, inadequate sewage treatment infrastructure had caused the river to become severely polluted. In the past, initiatives launched by the Government of India to clean up the river had been unsuccessful. In August 2011, the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was established to help states reduce pollution and implement environmentally sustainable development. However, the lack of expertise and financing made progress slow and external support and advice from the World Bank and IFC was sought. In 2015, a team from the World Bank Group consulted with various stakeholders to understand the problems faced. This time, instead of using the traditional Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) Model, Gupta introduced the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) PPP model to address the concerns of both the government and private sector investors. The PPP structure would allow the government to save on the capital outlay as well as engage private sector expertise. The HAM structure allowed for sharing of risks between the private sector partners and the government. The HAM model was successfully trialled in a few pilot projects and Gupta hoped that it would pave the way for more similar projects along the river.

At the beginning of 2020, a few weeks before COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic, André Goerke, the Head of Value Chain Management at Lonza - a leading pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing company based in Switzerland - had just completed the merger of two global business units into a new biotech business unit of the company. After returning from a wonderful day of snowboarding, André received a phone call from his friend Juan Andres that would change his professional focus for the next two years. Juan had become the Head of Technical Operations at the US biotech start-up Moderna - which was working on various early-stage drugs using the novel mRNA technology. The world had been watching with sorrow as cases of COVID-19 appeared in Europe, and stock markets across the globe were in free fall. After learning of these mounting concerns about a pandemic, Moderna had immediately started sequencing the COVID-19 virus. It was convinced that it had an effective and safe mRNA sequence that could serve as a vaccine against the virus. But it had not been able to manufacture anywhere near the volume necessary to fight a global pandemic. Hence, Juan asked André if Lonza could set up a global supply chain and be Moderna's active ingredient partner to manufacture hundreds of millions of mRNA vaccine doses a year. André sensed that this was an incredible opportunity, but there were several risks involved, including counterparty, technology, legal, regulatory, supply chain and HR risks. From multiple angles, this looked like a mission impossible for Lonza, especially since manufacturing was expected to start by the end of 2020.

Product innovation increasingly involves both human designers (engineers, developers, lead users, creative geniuses, and other innovators) and machine designers (algorithmically organized software tools that autonomously collect and interpret data to make innovative design decisions). This article provides practical guidance about how firms can leverage different forms of machine designers in tandem with human designers to fundamentally change the way they engage in product innovation. It describes how successful companies have managed to optimally orchestrate the capabilities of human and machine designers to create both effective and ethical product innovations that were previously unthinkable.

This case describes the journey of a new CEO bringing an innovative vision and strategy to a for-profit hospital under new ownership. It shows the application of a value-based health outcome approach in this setting, focused on the strategic approach, marketing and branding customer-centricity, and leadership challenges. The case describes key drivers: insurance reimbursement and cost pressures, shareholder ROI, consultant physician and surgeon demands, and patient needs and expectations.

This case is about the digital transformation at Apollo Hospitals (Chennai Main) facility. The case enumerates the various digitalization initiatives with the view to highlight how a successful digitalization project will result in all three possible outcomes - cost reduction/ efficiency improvement, product/ brand differentiation leading to high willingness to pay for the products and services, and improvement in patient/ consultant experience. Most digitalization initiatives would be focused on only one of these, but this case is an instance where there has been an equal focus on all these three outcomes.

The next era of competition is at hand. To succeed in an environment of high uncertainty, greater short-term pressure, and tighter resource constraints, companies must become even better and more efficient at developing options for future advantage while continuing to perform in the present. Embracing radical optionality, the authors contend, will allow firms to turn uncertainty from a disruptive threat into a potential source of advantage. Doing so requires upending some of the core tenets of strategy. For instance, they must eliminate the gap between thinking (strategy formation) and doing (execution). They should abandon the winner-takes-all approach, which has long been central to strategy and innovation, and strive instead for flexibility. And they need to achieve "polydexterity," the ability to exploit existing advantages in current markets while working toward multiple unknown future states. Companies must embrace complexity, learn to search and execute on ideas simultaneously, and engage with customers on their personal journeys. Accomplishing that will require new organizational forms and work practices, deeper integration between humans and technology, and next-generation performance metrics.

In the realm of business, many people have come to view disruption as a near-synonym for innovation. But is disruption the only way to innovate and grow? And is it the best way? In an excerpt from their latest book, the authors of Blue Ocean Strategy suggest the answer is No. They argue and that the overriding focus on disruption has led us to largely overlook another avenue of innovation and growth-one that is at least as important. 'Non-disruptive creation' involves creating new markets without disrupting or displacing other companies. Presenting examples including Sesame Street, the men's cosmeceutical industry and smartphone accessories, they show that this approach has immense potential to create brand new markets where none existed before.

Today's organizations have very little in common with those of the past few decades. Rather than focusing on progressing from point A to point B, successful companies have become complex adaptive systems that rely on the underlying dynamic of emergence-calling for a whole new set of priorities. The author presents five new 'first principles' for successfully adapting and transforming your business in a complex and uncertain world: scenarios over predictions; ambitions over masterplans; the wisdom of the many over the expertise of the few; homemade solutions over store-bought; and exploration over optimization. By embracing these principles, leaders can transition to a state of continuous transformation - and an understanding of what true adaptation entails.

Having a criminal record can be a major barrier to employment. When companies implement programs and policies that support the hiring of justice-impacted talent, including the formerly incarcerated, both they and the affected individuals stand to benefit. The author describes some of the efforts underway by nonprofit organizations and major employers to tap into this underutilized talent pool and provide people with a second chance to thrive in today's workforce.

To understand how companies might successfully assess, pilot, and implement cutting-edge technologies, the authors studied how IKEA introduced drone technology into its warehouse operations. The company's experience demonstrates that a use case for a technology that has not yet been widely adopted can be developed into a meaningful business case when an organization takes a coordinated approach to conducting pilots and finds the right vendor partners.

Tony's Chocolonely is a Dutch chocolate company that prides itself on using slave-free labor within its supply chain. However, after it was revealed that the company's major supplier, Barry Callebaut, used child and slave labor to grow and harvest cocoa beans, Tony's Chocolonely was heavily scrutinized and the grassroots organization Slave Free Chocolate removed Tony's from its list of ethical chocolate brands. In early 2022, The Times of London reported child labor in Tony's supply chain. Responding, Tony's Chocolonely thoroughly explained how it paid extra to keep its cocoa beans ethically grown and turned into chocolate. However, some critics still believed the company's branding to be misleading. Later that year, Tony's Chocolonely achieved a higher B Corp rating and announced a partnership with Ben & Jerry's. The fictional protagonist is an advisor to the head of impact at Tony's, Paul Schoenmakers. She is tasked with presenting an end-of-year analysis of Tony's strategy and goals for the next year, causing her to reflect on the highs and lows the company has recently experienced and how these events and reactions should inform its social impact initiatives and branding strategy moving forward.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are engaged in a harsh battle for market dominance. This article examines the emergence of a dominant design in terms of technology, service, and business model innovation. We conduct a theoretical synthesis of the literature on industrial organization, technology management, network economics, operations management, and strategic management - with the implications of each theory related to the dominant-design battle in AI. The findings indicate a dominant design for AI will be based on innovation concerning business models as much as on technology, and that the dominant business model will include AI as a service.

Hillel International was founded in the United States in 1929 as a non-profit organization, with a mission to enrich the lives of Jewish students so that they may enrich the Jewish people and the world. By 2021, it had grown into the world’s largest Jewish college campus organization with over US$50 million in revenue and had achieved international recognition by connecting students at colleges and universities around the world. In August 2021, the newly appointed brand director was challenged with developing a new digital marketing strategy in the throes of rising antisemitism. Her campaign had to be educational and engaging, and should empower Jewish students on campus to act: involving other Jewish students and fostering a feeling of inclusivity for all. The brand director had much to prepare and needed to outline how Hillel International should embark on a marketing campaign during the fourth quarter of 2021.

Karen Wonders founded Maple Tree Cancer Alliance (MTCA) in 2011 as a non-profit organization in Dayton, Ohio, to improve cancer patients’ quality of life through an individualized exercise program. By early 2020, MTCA had enjoyed significant growth, crossing the geographical and administrative boundaries of several hospital networks in the United States. Funding from hospital networks was contingent upon the efficacy of MTCA’s exercise program, which could be established only through ongoing, rigorous data analysis. However, the old way of collecting and processing client data could not adapt to MTCA’s current size; as such, MTCA needed a new solution, and Wonders found herself reviewing four options.