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Balaji is currently active in three businesses: TV content, film production and video-on-demand (VOD) services. Started by Ekta Kapoor and her family in 1994, the company tasted its first major success in 2000 with the TV series Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi. This was followed by several other hit TV shows, which earned Ekta Kapoor the moniker "Czarina of Indian TV". The company formally entered the film business in 2007 and has had mixed success since then. The 2008 great recession dented the revenues and profits of the company, but both revenues and profits have recovered in the TV content business. The film business has continued its up-and-down trajectory raising questions on whether Balaji should continue to be in the film business. While there are some similarities between the TV and film business, there are some important differences as well. This raises the important question of whether Balaji can succeed in both TV and films. A major trend in the media and entertainment over the last few years that complicates this question is digitization and the rise of VOD services. Balaji entered this segment in April 2017 with the launch of its ALTBalaji platform. While Balaji can transfer its skills at storytelling and industrialized creativity to digital content, it is not clear how Balaji can compete against giants such as Amazon, Netflix, and Hotstar. The case ends with a discussion of the strategic decisions that Balaji has to make with respect to its digital offerings: Should it stick to producing content or should it own the platform as well? What should be its revenue model? The question of whether Balaji should exit the film business remains.

This case on Delhivery highlights how a young enterprise had grown phenomenally, embracing a variety of business models - hyperlocal delivery, software-as-a-service, pipeline business models for services, and a platform business model. The case is particularly useful to highlight how each of these business models within the firm complement each other, and what value addition they do to each other's business verticals and stakeholders. Being an advanced case (to be taught later in the course), the case narrative includes the network effects and other descriptions of the platform business model. The case is positioned as a growth/diversification question facing the entrepreneurs as they seek to sustain their core (technology) when the market is yet to tip (achieve critical scale).

This industry note is a supplement to the case "Delhivery: Leveraging the Platform".

The case discusses the rapidly growing mobile payments industry in India. The growth in the industry has been fueled by several factors such as increasing smartphone and internet penetration, ballooning startup ecosystem, growing government push for economic digitization, and the pro-active involvement of the regulatory bodies in providing a conducive and stabilizing environment. The case presents the account of Paytm, a leading incumbent in the industry, which has experienced a phenomenal rise to the top, brushing aside competition from several domestic players. However, the increasing competition from deep-pocketed technology giants, such as Amazon, Facebook, Google, etc., has been challenging its leadership position. The case highlights Paytm's strategic quest for tackling the growing competition in the industry, which includes the strides taken by Paytm to establish itself as a dominant design. The case also hints at the other strategies incorporated by Paytm to sustain its market leadership.

Set in January 2018, the case presents the situation facing Ferrari Chairman and CEO Sergio Marchionne as he considers the future of the septuagenarian racing and luxury performance car company. During his tenure, Marchionne steered Ferrari onto a trajectory of sustained profitable growth. He split the company from Fiat-Chrysler, floated it on the New York Stock Exchange and expanded production beyond a self-imposed limit of 7,000 cars per year. Between 2015 and 2017 shipments increased 10% and share price more than 100%. But the auto industry was undergoing structural change, including the emergence of electric-motor technologies, toughening emissions regulations and changing consumer preferences, which could render Ferrari's strategy irrelevant. Marchionne pondered various options, such as the introduction of an electric supercar and an exclusive SUV - options that had profound implications for resource allocation and other strategic decisions.

Preferred Networks, Inc. (PFN), a start-up specialized in deep learning technologies, a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) research, differentiated itself early on by aligning with Japan's manufacturing might and bringing deep learning to the internet of things (IoT). The case follows the start-up as it evolves into a highly valued company with over 200 employees and global partners across various industries. It offers an overview of the AI business landscape and an explanation of deep learning. PFN's trajectory shows how technology-heavy research firms spark innovation, attract business partners and collaborators, manage as they grow, and decide what business model best suits their needs. The case is intended for use in classes on artificial intelligence, technology and operations management, marketing of complex products and technologies, entrepreneurship and strategic partnerships for research-heavy startups.

In 2018, Al Baba Sweets was a major player in the Arabic sweets and confectionery industry in Lebanon. However, in the midst of a rough patch in the country's economy, the company was suffering from decreasing revenues. Any major decision concerning the future of the third-generation family business would have to be made carefully. New, smaller competitors were entering the market alongside the industry's large, long-time players. The company had to decide what its next steps would be. Should Al Baba Sweets branch out to other countries? If so, which modes of entry should they use? What other possibilities were there to enhance and expand operations?

In late 2017, the co-owners of Rocky Mountain Soap Company in Canmore, Alberta, faced an important challenge. Their company produced and retailed toxin-free, 100 per cent natural bath and body products, and they wanted the product packaging to reflect their company's commitment to sustainability. To meet the challenge of identifying and implementing sustainable packaging solutions, the co-owners needed to address intensifying competition, make good use of their limited ability to conduct research and development, and manage their customers' expectations. How could the co-owners develop a packaging solution that aligned with the company's brand focus of "100 per cent natural"? How could they find the support they needed to move the company forward?

In early 2016, Canada's venture capital (VC) investment environment was growing and, as a result, exciting new start-ups were fruitfully collaborating with a sophisticated selection of investors. Ajay Joshi, a partner at Helarctos Ventures (HV), a seed-stage venture capital investment fund based in Toronto, Canada, was an experienced entrepreneur in the mobile wireless technology (tech) space and a savvy VC investor. HV, founded in 2013, had invested in 28 tech start-ups, and six of them had been successfully acquired. But even with past successes, in an environment of hungry, enthusiastic start-ups that was getting larger and more diverse every year, Joshi and the HV team needed to continuously re-evaluate their process and be sure that they were relying on the right criteria for evaluating investments. Each investment in a start-up was a major decision and represented a significant and long-term allocation of finite capital, time, and energy. Joshi and HV needed to be sure of their decisions, when surety was in short supply.

Rite Aid Corporation (Rite Aid) shareholders had turned down a US$3 million bonus proposed for the chief executive officer (CEO) and elected a new board chair. Under the CEO's leadership, Rite Aid had paid off some debt and returned to modest profitability. However, two failed plans to sell the business had shaken the shareholders' confidence. Having dealt with falling sales, shrinking profits, the sale of over half of its stores, and the news that Amazon.com Inc. had acquired an online pharmacy, Rite Aid was facing challenges from all sides. The drugstore industry was in turmoil, and without a buyer, the board chair needed to revisit the company's strategy and its management's capabilities. In the face of consolidation, vertical integration, and disruption from new entrants, survival was uncertain. Could Rite Aid survive on its own? Would it be feasible to attempt a third merger agreement, or were more radical options needed?

In 2012, Sina Weibo stood out from competing microblogging products and developed into the largest social media platform in China. However, in 2013, competition from WeChat, a lack of high-quality content, and the exposure of an excessive number of fake accounts led to difficulties for Sina Weibo. By addressing three aspects of user activity-content producers, content consumers, and the platform operator-Sina Weibo was able to get back on the right track. The platform went from a loss in 2014 to a profit in 2018. However, behind the prosperity, in January 2019, Sina Weibo was facing new threats-namely, the disappearance of Chinese Internet user traffic dividends and competition from rivals Toutiao and Douyin. Sina Weibo's chief executive officer had to determine how to deal with these new threats.

Incorporated in 1983 in Uttar Pradesh, India, GHCL Limited had established itself by 2018 as a well-diversified group operating in chemicals, textiles, and consumer products segments. The home textiles division had launched a new line of bedsheets called Rekoop-a polyester fibre, extracted from recycled plastic bottles and combined with cotton to produce Rekoop bedsheets. The fibre also contained a DNA marker that enabled tracing of the product from fibre to finished product. The textile division was known for its low prices and weak business performance; to overcome that, the company believed that Rekoop could sell for higher prices and move the division's focus from volumes to margins. Rekoop could provide brand salience, visibility, and higher prices. However, the president and chief executive officer of the home textile division faced many decisions-what distribution strategy to follow, how to get stores and customers to buy the product, how to increase customer awareness, what price points to use, how to maintain brand salience, and above all which markets to enter.

In 2019, entrepreneur Juan Carlos Castilla-Rubio was developing a project he hoped could generate and share wealth from the natural resources of the Amazon without destroying those resources. His idea, called Earth Bank of Codes (EBC), would create a library of the genomic codes of all known species that could be tapped for discovery and innovation, from new medical interventions to more efficient manufacturing processes. He proposed to use blockchain technology to make the data both accessible and trackable so that its use could be monitored. Castilla-Rubio envisioned a time when a company in the U.S. could access a biological asset from the Peruvian Amazon, develop and commercialize a product based on the asset, and have a fraction of the resulting sales land directly in the bank account of various beneficiaries, including the Peruvian government and indigenous communities. Now he was facing major decisions about how to structure EBC to achieve his goals. Should he start at the top and build partnerships with national governments and inter-governmental organizations as the cornerstone of EBC? Or would it be better to forge ahead with a few stakeholders in an entrepreneurial project?

In 2011, Samuel Maruta and Vincent Mourou, two Frenchmen living in Vietnam, founded Marou to produce fine chocolate from bean to bar. Just seven years later, Marou had opened two shops in Vietnam and was exporting its chocolate to twenty countries, including the United States, France, Sweden, Japan, and South Korea. The company's brand and business model were deeply rooted in its commitment to using only locally grown cacao beans: Marou had forged close ties with small Vietnamese farmers to create a reliable supply of high-quality beans, vital to the production of exquisite chocolate. While highlighting the values and vision of the company's founders (taste, local purchasing, fair and sustainable trade, prudent and organic growth), the case outlines the company's efforts to secure its supply of cacao beans to ensure the high quality of the chocolate it produced. The case also describes the company's distribution and sales strategies both domestically and internationally. The winner of several international awards and lauded by the New York Times in March 2016 as producing "the best chocolate you've never tasted," Marou seemed to be well positioned in the high-end "bean to bar" chocolate niche.

Christian (Chris) Viatte, head of service experience and innovation at Swisscom, market leader in Switzerland's telecommunications industry, strode into his office and dropped into his chair. Some of Swisscom's top executives would soon be holding a meeting to discuss the company's partnership with Mila, an on-demand home service marketplace start-up. Under Chris's leadership, Swisscom and Mila had created Swisscom Friends, a service solution connecting Swisscom customers with vetted, tech-savvy people in their neighbourhood who could help them with small service requests. By 2015, Mila and Swisscom had built up a service crowd of more than 1,500 active "Friends" throughout Switzerland, and Swisscom now had to consider the future of what was still a purely contractual relationship. Should Swisscom partially or even fully acquire Mila? Should it withdraw from the partnership and offer the service on its own? Should it become more involved in Mila's management? This two-part case discusses the development and management of the partnership between Swisscom and Mila, particularly how Mila grew from being a contractual partner to a fully owned subsidiary of Swisscom.

Christian (Chris) Viatte, head of service experience and innovation at Swisscom, market leader in Switzerland's telecommunications industry, strode into his office and dropped into his chair. Some of Swisscom's top executives would soon be holding a meeting to discuss the company's partnership with Mila, an on-demand home service marketplace start-up. Under Chris's leadership, Swisscom and Mila had created Swisscom Friends, a service solution connecting Swisscom customers with vetted, tech-savvy people in their neighbourhood who could help them with small service requests. By 2015, Mila and Swisscom had built up a service crowd of more than 1,500 active "Friends" throughout Switzerland, and Swisscom now had to consider the future of what was still a purely contractual relationship. Should Swisscom partially or even fully acquire Mila? Should it withdraw from the partnership and offer the service on its own? Should it become more involved in Mila's management? This two-part case discusses the development and management of the partnership between Swisscom and Mila, particularly how Mila grew from being a contractual partner to a fully owned subsidiary of Swisscom.

In mid-2017, faced with declining viewership and the loss of the associated advertising and affiliate fees from the pay-TV bundle, The Walt Disney Company needed to consider alternative ways to reach and engage viewers. One option was to move away from bundles and go direct to the consumer. Another option was to acquire more content and make it accessible across multiple platforms. But would these strategies be enough to stem subscriber losses? How did the push by technology disruptors into original content influence these decisions? Were there other strategies worth considering in light of changing tastes, technology, and competition?

This case discusses the challenges faced by Kenyan alcoholic drinks producer Keroche Industries Limited in 2003, when the Kenyan government accused the company of manufacturing and selling substandard alcoholic drinks, revoked its liquor licenses, and shut down its manufacturing facility. At the same time, the multinational East Africa Breweries Limited (EABL) was planning to enter the same low-income market as Keroche. The husband and wife duo Tabitha and Joseph Karanja had founded Keroche in 1997 with the aim of providing Kenya's low-income consumers with a cheap and safe alcoholic drink alternative, since these consumers frequently turned to unregulated, informally brewed alcohol that could blind or even kill those who drank it. However, the government was now claiming that Keroche, too, produced substandard drinks. Tabitha Karanja was convinced that EABL was behind these government attacks. The case describes the history of Keroche and EABL, and asks what Tabitha Karanja might do now to combat the allegations of the government and respond to the factory closing.

This case discusses the situation of the Kenyan alcoholic drinks producer Keroche in July 2004, when co-founder Tabitha Karanja was debating whether to enter the Kenyan beer market. Doing so would mean direct competition with the multinational EABL in an industry and market where Keroche had no experience. It would also require significant investments in manufacturing capacity, technology, and marketing. The case asks whether Tabitha Karanja should enter the Kenyan beer market, and if so, whether she should continue to target the low- to middle-income consumers with whom she had built the Keroche business, or shift the company's focus toward the upper middle- and high-income consumers who had been customers of EABL. The case also describes how the company successfully rebounded from the plant closures, litigation, and media attacks of the previous year, including through court battles and an extensive public relations campaign.

This case discusses the Kenyan government's decision to increase excise taxes on wines in 2007. The tax increase would cause an average increase in price of 367% on Keroche's fortified wines. Meanwhile, Keroche's competitor EABL had effectively lobbied the government for its Senator beer to receive a zero-tax rating. Since Keroche's wines targeted low-income consumers, Tabitha Karanja knew they would no longer be able to buy its products after the price hike. To make matters worse, Keroche was in the middle of building a brewery, with plans to enter the beer business in 2008. Now Tabitha Karanja had to decide how to react to this tax increase. One option was to lobby the government for a repeal of the tax increase (a long and costly process). Another was to abandon the wine business altogether, either in favor of the vodka Keroche already produced or another alcoholic drink.