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Clifford Chance, LLP, a global law firm headquartered in London, needs to make a decision whether to stay in the central business district of London or move to a redeveloped business park at Canary Wharf, 3 miles outside of central London. Peter Charleton, head of the London Office, is proposing to move to Canary Wharf and building a single, landmark headquarters with all the necessary amenities and premium fit-outs that is appropriate for an elite law firm. The tension surrounding the case is the choice to move from the hub of commerce in central London to a relatively obscure site whose owners (Olympia & York) have a history of financial bankruptcy. What business elements (clients, operations, employees, etc.) should they consider if they move the firm and how much relative weight do they place on each element? How do they frame the advantages and disadvantages between central London and Canary Wharf? What type of items should they program into the new facility (cellular or open floor plans, ceiling heights, common space, dining facilities, gymnasiums, etc.)? How should they prioritize these items?

The transfer of perinatal services at St. Joseph's Health Care Centre (SJHC) to the Women's and Children's Services at London Health Sciences Centre (LHSC), included the relocation of clinical programs, 500 staff and about 40 physicians. SJHC's perinatal program had been among the hospital's premier programs and was recognized as a world-class tertiary perinatal program for more than 30 years. The hospital's comprehensive care for newborns included providing care for very sick infants and extremely premature babies. The move to LHSC was a source of much concern to key stakeholders, leading scientists and specialists with much negative impact on recruitment, retention and staff morale. The vice-president, acute and ambulatory care at SJHC and the vice-president, women and children's clinical business unit at LHSC were appointed to help prepare leaders throughout all stages of the restructuring. On their agenda were the following issues: culture, safety procedures, team conflict, excessive turnover, structure, leadership orientation, among others. Where should they start; and how could they get physicians, patient care leaders and staff to think past six months, given that there are numerous issues that keep them busy on a daily, weekly and monthly basis?

Describes ongoing systemic reform efforts in the Chicago Public Schools. Introduces the concept of "differentiation and integration," a managerial approach emerging in public school systems that couples "differentiated" treatment and support for individual schools with efforts to "integrate" the work of all schools and the district's central offices around a coherent improvement strategy. Participants have an opportunity to diagnose the circumstances in the 617-school district that drive CPS leadership to manage through differentiation and integration in order to improve student and school performance at scale. The discussion will enable participants to evaluate the district's actions to date; analyze key roles, structures, and functions that facilitate effective differentiation and integration; and identify major challenges to strategy execution.

Louise Chen must decide what performance assessment to give one of her employees who has, uncharacteristically, failed to meet one of her key objectives for the year. The situation is difficult for several reasons; the causes of the unacceptable performance are not clear; the employee has previously received excellent appraisals, including a recent one by the vice-president; and the employee was absent for a good part of the year on maternity leave. The various factors that influence sustained performance (ability, motivation, resources, role clarity, reinforcement) are examined, as well as steps leaders can take in improving performance of those for whom they are responsible.

Companies today glorify the executive who logs 100-hour workweeks, the road warrior who lives out of a suitcase in multiple time zones, and the negotiator who takes a red-eye to make an 8 a.m. meeting. But to Dr. Charles A. Czeisler, the Baldino Professor of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School, this kind of corporate behavior is the antithesis of high performance. In fact, he says, it endangers employees and puts their companies at risk. In this interview, Czeisler describes four neurobiological functions that affect sleep duration and quality as well as individual performance. When these functions fall out of alignment because of sleep deprivation, people operate at a far lower level of performance than they would if they were well rested. Czeisler goes on to observe that corporations have all kinds of policies designed to protect employees--rules against smoking, sexual harassment, and so on--but they push people to the brink of self-destruction by expecting them to work too hard, too long, and with too little sleep. The negative effects on cognitive performance, Czeisler says, can be similar to those that occur after drinking too much alcohol: "We now know that 24 hours without sleep or a week of sleeping four or five hours a night induces an impairment equivalent to a blood alcohol level of .1%. We would never say, 'This person is a great worker! He's drunk all the time!' yet we continue to celebrate people who sacrifice sleep for work." Czeisler recommends that companies institute corporate sleep policies that discourage scheduled work beyond 16 consecutive hours as well as working or driving immediately after late-night or overnight flights. A sidebar to this article summarizes the latest developments in sleep research.

The board of directors of Medtronic, Inc., a company known for its commitment to effective corporate governance, must prepare for the departure of Chairman & CEO Bill George and the retirement of four long-time directors. The company had experienced rapid growth in the early 1990s as well as significant change in the composition of its board. Now the Medtronic directors must evaluate how the board has changed, how it will continue to change, and how it should prepare for the future.

In corporate America, the use of 360-degree feedback continues to rise. Is this tool, though, all it purports to be? Used with caution, the feedback process can provide meaningful information for both the organization and the individuals involved. Misuse of the process, however, can lead to hurt feelings, increased anxiety, and even loss of key personnel. Showcases key research findings on best practices for using the 360-degree feedback process, especially regarding intended use of feedback, aligning performance measures with organizational goals, and selecting and training participants.

Details power dynamics that unfold in the firm when one of its best and brightest threatens to leave. It focuses on the dynamics of attracting, hiring, compensating, negotiating, and leveraging a star performer in a professional service firm. In particular, traces the detailed events from the resignation of a star to the manager's struggle to decide which of the eligible candidates should be hired. Four candidates and their firms are discussed in great detail. The case allows students to consider both individual (e.g., background, aspirations, attitudes, past short-term and long-term performance) and organizational (e.g., cultures, strategies, structures, performance management systems) factors in choosing a candidate to maximize individual-organization fit.

Brainard, Bennis and Farrel is a short case designed to explore the challenge of establishing appropriate compensation from a general management/CEO perspective. Brainard (B) is a one-page handout that is designed to show how an already difficult problem is made more complex by situational context--the detailed personal and interpersonal relationships among key executives over time.

Tom Pedersen, newly appointed chief learning officer (CLO) of Shinsei Bank in Japan, pondered how he could facilitate development of an integrated culture and transformation of the organization. Shinsei Bank had not developed longstanding tradition or a strong corporate culture. The bank, which was made up of professionals with extremely diverse backgrounds, had to develop an integrated organizational culture. Pedersen had just administered a new performance evaluation program for 17 senior executives. This was the first time that they had been measured against competencies aligned with the corporate vision and values revised in late 2005. He thought the evaluation program was critical for permeating the vision and values throughout the bank and was eager to roll out the program to a larger number of employees next year. Pedersen wondered how he should improve the performance evaluation, and if this was the right process to influence the culture of the bank? He also wondered what other measures might be effective to get employees with diverse backgrounds to work together. How could he create a learning organization at Shinsei Bank?

After graduating from Harvard Business School with highest honors, Jane rapidly moved up the corporate ladder at a large advertising firm, racking up promotions and responsibilities along the way. By the time she became the company's creative director, she was, in everyone's estimation, an A player--one of the organization's most gifted and productive employees. But although she received an extraordinarily generous pay package and had what some people considered to be one of the most stimulating jobs in the company, Jane felt underappreciated and was talking to headhunters. Eventually, she was lured away to a competing company that, by her own admission, offered less challenging work. Both Jane and the advertising firm she left behind lost out. Of course, not all A players are as vulnerable as Jane. Some superstars soar to stunning heights, needing little or no special attention, and have the natural self-confidence and brilliance to stay at the top of their game with elegance and grace. But as every manager knows, megastars with manageable egos are rare. Far more common are people like Jane, who are striving to satisfy an inner need for recognition that is often a sign of irrationally low self-esteem. According to the author--an executive coach, management consultant, and former faculty member of the department of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School--if you do not carefully manage the often unconscious need A players have for kudos and appreciation, they will burn out in a way that is damaging to them and unproductive for you. The key is understanding what makes your A players tick. The author suggests that you assist your stars by offering them authentic praise, helping them set boundaries, and teaching them to play nicely with subordinates. In the process, you can turn these high performers into even more effective players.

HR departments should be held responsible for their companies' performance, not just for programs that provide services and support to staff.

Su Yee Goh, a director in a Singapore office, considers a proposal by a pregnant female executive for an alternative work arrangement so that she could both continue to work and spend more time with her family. Goh wants to keep the executive at Shapiro Global, but is afraid an alternative role would be disruptive to the marketing team and could create dissension among the other employees.

Employees and corporate reputation are unique resources that generate positive financial performance and ultimately create sustainable competitive advantage. Corporate reputation is vital to an organization and employees are the key link to managing it. By recognizing the synergistic role that employees can play in the overall positioning of corporate reputation, management can help satisfy corporate strategic objectives. Examine initiatives essential to gain employee commitment to corporate reputation as well as the use of the Balanced Scorecard to integrate corporate reputation metrics into the incentive system.

This is an MIT Sloan Management Review article. When employees leave an organization, they depart with more than what they know; they also leave with critical knowledge about who they know. Thus, the departure of key people can significantly affect the relationship structure and consequent functioning of an organization. In particular, companies should be aware of the unique knowledge held by three important types of employees: "central connectors" (those who are regularly asked for help, typically because they have a high level of expertise in one or more areas), "brokers" (those who act as bridges across subgroups) and "peripheral players" (those who reside on the boundaries of a network but could still possess valuable niche expertise and outside knowledge). Departure of an employee who filled any one of these roles presents knowledge-loss risks that need to be addressed. The departure of a handful of key brokers, for example, could fracture the social network of an organization into isolated subgroups. Thus companies need to take various measures to (1) identify key knowledge vulnerabilities by virtue of both what a person knows and how that individual's departure will affect a network and (2) address specific knowledge-loss issues based on the different roles that employees play in the network.

In 2004 and 2005, The Theatre Practice (TTP), an established theatre company in Singapore conducted a series of drama workshops for service staff of InterContinental Singapore. In the absence of performance metrics, TTP had to convince managements of other hotels and service firms that theatre techniques could help to build the soft skills critically needed by service workers in Singapore.

According to a recent survey, top executives are consistently underwhelmed by their companies' sales forces. What can executives do to improve their sales functions? Strive for a full spectrum of excellence.

This case shows how Fiona Jenkins, Head of Physiotherapy for South Devon Health Services, reviewed and redesigned the stroke service care pathway. She had just four months to present a proposal and then implement it in accordance with the National Service Framework (NSF) guidelines. These guidelines specified that a stroke specialist should examine all individuals admitted with a diagnosis of stroke. Her challenge was to coordinate the different stakeholders - primary care, secondary care and social services. In addition, she had to do this without any additional funding. The case describes the different options open to her and how she decides on a plan. Some of the players are suspicious, and even threaten to resign if the plan is implemented.

This case shows how Fiona Jenkins, Head of Physiotherapy for South Devon Health Services, reviewed and redesigned the stroke service care pathway. She had just four months to present a proposal and then implement it in accordance with the National Service Framework (NSF) guidelines. These guidelines specified that a stroke specialist should examine all individuals admitted with a diagnosis of stroke. Her challenge was to coordinate the different stakeholders - primary care, secondary care and social services. In addition, she had to do this without any additional funding. The case describes the different options open to her and how she decides on a plan. Some of the players are suspicious, and even threaten to resign if the plan is implemented.

Deborah Jamieson, Advanced Practitioner at the University College London Hospital (UCLH) National Health Service (NHS) Trust, had been employed to set up nurse-led pre-admissions clinics within the Trust and to improve the existing day surgery clinics. The case describes how she manages to recruit and train nurses to run these clinics. She draws on her experience in the US to encourage the nursing staff to take on more clinical responsibilities. The case examines how nurses' roles are developing within the NHS as they take on more tasks that have traditionally been the responsibility of doctors and consultants (attending physicians). The case describes how Jamieson changes the mindset of the key players (managers, consultants and anaesthetists), and how she implements the pre-assessment clinics and improves the existing day surgery pre-admission process. Patient satisfaction is increased and fewer operations are cancelled, thus reducing costs for the Trust.