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When Mel Mathers, the chief sustainability officer of a food cooperative, the Independent Food Retailers Consortium (IFRC), was flooded in October 2019 with emails from animal rights activists demanding the cooperative sell only cage-free eggs and make a pledge now to do so by 2025, he had to prepare a brief and recommendation so IFRC's board of directors could make a decision on whether to pledge selling only cage-free eggs in its grocery stores. Should the cooperative make a public commitment, as requested by the activists, to transition selling only cage-free eggs in its supply chain or continue to offer its customers a choice among the different egg production systems? Mathers examined the organization's mission statement, its corporate responsibility statement, and its policies on animal welfare. He studied IFRC's financial materiality chart and was unsettled by the current materiality chart as to pointing a clear direction for his direction. Mathers began researching egg production systems. Mathers' research is described in the case and students see the tradeoffs about which that Mathers is learning. Mathers wonders how he can navigate the seemingly contradictory tradeoffs with IFRC's policies, animal husbandry science, environmental impacts, and responsiveness to the many stakeholders in IFRC's operating environment.

The case covers a specific instance of state-led innovation in the provision of financial services to Indian citizens: through the the "Common Services Centres" (CSC) scheme. The CSC scheme engages a vast network of rural entrepreneurs to drive the delivery of a variety of services, including - in collaboration with banking organisations and bodies in the country - financial services (banking and insurance). This is particularly relevant since India has long suffered from extremely limited financial inclusion of its citizens, especially in rural areas and among marginalised groups and communities. Banking penetration as well as financial awareness too have historically been low. The present scheme has been an effort to combat these (and other related) challenges to bring hitherto underserved regions into the ambit of the formal banking system in India using a combination of locl social networks, innovative use of digital technologies, and iterative policy design.

Set in 2022, the case follows the sustainability journey of Jiu Zhen Nan, a 133-year-old Taiwanese pastry brand headquartered in Kaohsiung, the southern city of Taiwan. Jiu Zhen Nan specialises in gourmet traditional Chinese Han pastry, often consumed during major festivals, weddings, and religious celebrations. The century-old brand has an established stronghold at domestic airports, high-speed rail stations, and upscale department stores. Eric Lee, Chairman and the fourth-generation owner, had been at the helm of the family firm since 1996. Given the increased focus on sustainability issues in recent years, he had aligned sustainability priorities with the baked goods business, its core values, and its long-term purpose. Since the mid-2010s, he had led the firm to achieve considerable progress on several aspects of sustainability - food ethics, environmental sustainability, social participation, the promotion of Han pastry culture, and talent cultivation. Those efforts were duly recognised, winning the firm an Excellence in Corporate Social Responsibility award from the CommonWealth Magazine twice, in 2019 and 2021. Lee conceded that realising sustainability goals needed time, given that it would not be a short-term pursuit but rather an ongoing commitment. As he mulled over the options for navigating the prevailing challenges amid the COVID-19 pandemic, he recognised that, at the same time, there was mounting pressure to take even more action toward reducing the business impact on climate change. What more could a food manufacturing business like Jiu Zhen Nan do for the good of the planet, the good of society, and its future success?

The case describes how Coffee Commune, a China-based social enterprise founded by a German entrepreneur named Eric Baden, had been trying to reach a balance between social impact and sustainable business. This teaching note is designed for a 45-to-60-minute teaching plan, where students could play the main protagonist, Eric Baden, and follow his journey with Coffee Commune since 2016. As a German citizen who had lived in China for more than two decades, Baden was passionate about helping the poor coffee farmers in mountainous Yunnan by improving and promoting their beans in China and abroad. Baden and his team, in this case, could lead the students through the decision-making processes in various challenging scenarios, such as why and how Coffee Commune needed its own unique value chain called "crop-to-cup", how to fit the value propositions into a sustainable business model, whether and how to attract outside investment for Coffee Commune's organic growth, and most essentially, how to maintain positive social impact while delivering viable financial goals to sustain this purpose.

In this fictional case, the CEO of a global pharmaceutical company based in Belgium with operations in Moscow is contemplating what to do in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The company is experiencing pressure from shareholders, Ukrainian and Belgium government officials, and the public to follow in the footsteps of many multinational corporations and cease operations in Russia. However, since the firm provides medically necessary products, the decision isn't straightforward. How can the CEO navigate the complicated political waters of this decision and make the most humanitarian decision? Should the company exit Russia completely, or should it continue to operate but on a smaller scale? Expert commentators respond.

In this fictional case, the CEO of a global pharmaceutical company based in Belgium with operations in Moscow is contemplating what to do in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The company is experiencing pressure from shareholders, Ukrainian and Belgium government officials, and the public to follow in the footsteps of many multinational corporations and cease operations in Russia. However, since the firm provides medically necessary products, the decision isn't straightforward. How can the CEO navigate the complicated political waters of this decision and make the most humanitarian decision? Should the company exit Russia completely, or should it continue to operate but on a smaller scale? Expert commentators respond.

In this fictional case, the CEO of a global pharmaceutical company based in Belgium with operations in Moscow is contemplating what to do in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The company is experiencing pressure from shareholders, Ukrainian and Belgium government officials, and the public to follow in the footsteps of many multinational corporations and cease operations in Russia. However, since the firm provides medically necessary products, the decision isn't straightforward. How can the CEO navigate the complicated political waters of this decision and make the most humanitarian decision? Should the company exit Russia completely, or should it continue to operate but on a smaller scale? Expert commentators respond.

Years ago the line between nonprofit and for-profit enterprises was clear, but that has changed. Nonprofits now offer products that compete with those of the best for-profits, and for-profits can deliver as much social value as charities. Despite the blurred distinction, all mission-driven start-ups will eventually face a stark choice about which legal structure to adopt, and they need to make it carefully, because it's hard to undo, say the authors, the CEO of a nonprofit accelerator and a partner in an impact investing fund. To guide their decision, social entrepreneurs should examine several questions: Is the market ready for a for-profit solution? Where is the available capital? And which structure would help the organization attract the talent and resources that it requires?

He increased the sales of products such as Pulmicort RespulesTM after their patents expired, generating significant social benefits by making medical treatment and medicines more accessible in lower-tier markets. Wang was promoted to President less than two years after joining AZ. While working primarily to boost sales in China, Wang introduced another task not tied to performance targets: innovation. To facilitate innovation, AZ reached beyond the pharmaceutical sector and worked with partners in the "3D" (diagnostics, device, digital) industries to launch "a patient-centric, integrated disease diagnosis and treatment platform." This initiative enabled pharmaceutical companies, which had acted only as drug suppliers during treatment, to engage in all stages of the patient journey, from education and screening, diagnosis and treatment, to follow-up and rehabilitation. Their first innovation project was the construction of pediatric nebulization centers, which were equipped with smart nebulizers powered by IoT and digital technologies. Following the initial success, AZ co-launched the chest pain center (CPC) project and the prostate cancer integrated diagnosis and treatment (PiDT) project, which not only delivered benefits to patients and hospitals but also granted partners access to hospital resources. The integrated diagnosis and treatment platform focused on areas where AZ excelled, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, so participating hospitals and patients could "naturally" choose AZ's products. However, a closer look at its sales revenue revealed that AZ was not always the primary beneficiary of the platform, and its return on investment proved to be modest.

Banglanatak dot com (BNC) is a unique example of an initiative that grew from a folk-theater-based social effort in rural Bengal to a pan-India effort, evolving different needs-based programs with the mission of fostering pro-poor growth and protecting and upholding the rights of women, children, and indigenous communities. In the last two decades of its evolution, BNC has built a unique model of community-led development riding on the cultural heritage of the places where it intervened. Over the years, BNC came to occupy a unique position, having developed a series of innovative programs during its journey and evolved to become an institution spread across multiple programs and with different capabilities. From a management perspective, BNC might be stretched across divergent objectives, but in the social sector, it appears to be an enlightening story of successfully building an institution for impact. By 2020, Amitava Bhattacharya, the founder of BNC, was grappling with the challenge of scaling up BNC and building capacity within the organization. This case gives us the opportunity to explore multiple areas in the context of social enterprises and the sector: 1. Growth drivers (social development goals) 2. Social enterprise business models 3. Scaling-up challenges 4. Organizational evolution

Singapore-based tech social enterprise Savour! seeks to make procurement smoother and more productive by linking up suppliers like merchants with less commercially-oriented procurers such as non-profit organisations and school clubs via its B2B e-commerce platform and app. It originally focused on food products that were blemished or had a limited shelf life, but has since expanded its range of products and services to include corporate gifts, office supplies, and event rental services. Both merchants and procurers deal with each other via the digital platform or app, which offers discounts of varying percentage depending on how soon the products would expire. Savour! was set up by Katrina Lee and a group of like-minded youths when they were all still undergraduates. They had met when participating in a green business pitch competition aimed at achieving environmental sustainability. Lee had been spurred to found the company as a result of her temporary job stints during which she had witnessed large amounts of food being wasted. Lee has plans to take the company beyond Singapore but has not yet decided to which country in the region it wishes to next expand. In the meantime, Savour! is seeking more funding to raise its merchant and customer acquisition rate, and intensify its product development.

Year Up, a non-profit that provides training and practical work experience to low-income young people, has for years prioritized impact measurement. By 2022, it had built a robust body of evidence demonstrating that its program yields higher earnings for participants. The case finds Year Up's founder and CEO considering strategies to scale the program in a cost-effective manner and working to broaden the non-profit's focus to system and practice change among employers. But these new efforts risk diluting the core program and, in turn, diminishing the benefits delivered to participants.

At the end of 2018, Ana Milena Munoz, of Carvajal Empaques S.A., a subsidiary of the Carvajal organization, was concerned. She was at a crossroads in her work because of the growing controversy at a global level about the use and disposal of plastic, the company's primary raw material. She had to present the 2019-2023 roadmap on sustainability in a week and had several alternatives on the table. However, she had not been able to get a full picture of the alternatives mentioned during the last meeting of the sustainability committee. Sustainability had made progress, but now, the challenges were significant. In the face of incoming legislation, the company needed to have a response to re-use and dispose plastic. The company had been working with Reciclplas a trade recyclers company. However, despite the support that Recicloplas had been receiving, this organization still had not reached the break-even point and the material it processed could not yet be integrated by Carvajal Empaques into its packaging due to food safety issues. Further, the supply and demand chains for the plastic resins used by the company were not structured in the country. Ana Milena reflected on several strategies to respond to the legislation, fulfill clients' expectations and maintain the social commitment to Recicloplas. These involved reflecting on the types of plastic resins or other raw materials the company would use.

Founded by the husband and wife team of Anshu and Meenakshi Gupta in 1999, Goonj had quickly emerged as one of the leading disaster relief and rural development organizations in India. Their main mode of development was through providing a clothing kit to the village families in return for development work (Cloth for Work). As Covid-19 struck India in March 2020, the organization pivoted its operational model to considerably broaden its set of activities in the field. In 2022 after nearly 70% of the country had been vaccinated against Covid-19, and with a semblance of normalcy returning, Anshu Gupta had to consider the future of the organization and its strategy, having raised twice the amount of funds ($20 million) as in the previous years.

Corporate transparency is an aspirational ideal that is very difficult to achieve because organizations can never be completely transparent. As a result, effective management of transparency requires managers to carefully balance transparency with the need for secrecy. This article describes the complex nature of transparency and demonstrates how attempts to balance transparency with secrecy result in three different kinds of transparency - rationalized, ceremonial, and decontextualized. Effective transparency management requires managers to avoid simply dumping information, use new technology strategically, engage their audiences creatively, avoid overpromising and underdelivering, and attend carefully to how transparency is measured.

Many companies are implementing transparency initiatives to improve environmental and social impacts throughout their supply chains. Meaningful change, however, is elusive, and transparency efforts are often criticized as legitimizing mechanisms or "window-dressing." This article introduces a model of transformational transparency that enables new insights to drive radical change in companies and supply chains, as well as in industries and society at large. The model highlights the need for technological investments grounded in improving data, empowering stakeholders, and applying moral leadership. It presents examples that demonstrate how the model allows companies to foster dramatic improvements in social and environmental impacts.

Calibrating environmental impacts and dependencies in financial metrics, known as natural capital accounting (natural capital valuations; assessments), is critical for transparency and effective decision-making. Understanding the financial impact of a firm's effects and dependencies on nature not only surfaces new priorities and insights, but also informs and encourages companies' efforts to protect natural resources. Given that transparency and accountability go hand-in-hand, natural capital valuations help companies mitigate impacts and dependencies on the natural world.

This case tells the story of EcoMatcher - a green and socially responsible enterprise that has found a scalable and profitable business model planting trees. EcoMatcher is interesting partly as an excellent example of strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR); its core profit-making activity of planting trees is intrinsically good for the planet and its people. This differs from the triple bottom line approach employed by some other companies, which use green or prosocial activities to offset core profit-making activities that may harm society or the environment. Both strategic CSR and the triple bottom line approach can underlie improvements in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting. This case focuses on EcoMatcher as an exemplar of strategic CSR while a companion case (EcoMatcher: Daring to Make a Difference, USTXXX) focuses on how EcoMatcher's founder made the difficult leap from corporate executive to social entrepreneur, trading off power, status, and wealth for more meaning in his work.

Many sustainability initiatives focus on improving the sustainability of products and operations in legacy or adjacent markets or on achieving sustainability gains by exploring new markets with a more diverse set of products. This is a variation on the classic "where to play/how to win" strategy familiar to most executives. Fewer leaders, however, are exploring an important new frontier in sustainability, in which brands actively partner with customers to achieve ongoing impact. This article describes a practical framework for creating sustainability strategies that take into account both dimensions--markets and customer engagement. The model lays out the four key ways that legacy companies can nurture growth in their sustainability efforts.

Ceibal was founded in 2007 in Uruguay, as an initiative to reduce the digital gap in the country. After playing an important role providing a smooth transition to remote learning during COVID, Ceibal in 2022 must now determine the best way to fulfill its mission to "be the center of educational innovation with digital technologies in Uruguay.... in order to improve learning and promote processes of innovation, inclusion, and personal growth."