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Explores the phenomenon of IT-enabled services (ITES) exports from developing countries. Reviews the business and technical drivers of this phenomenon, describes major segments of the industry, discusses key challenges facing these firms, and profiles seven ITES firms.

Reviews the issues managers face when attempting to value projects abroad. These include dealing with multiple currencies, adjusting for country and industry risk, and considering expropriation and devaluation risk.

This case analyzes incentive strategy from the perspective of a company's board of directors and owners. The focus is the role that executive compensation and ownership structure (the composition of, and financial structure between, a company's owners) play in motivating value-creating behavior.

The Canadian biotechnology industry generates nearly $1 billion in revenues annually. This note provides a sense of the key success factors associated with competing in this rapidly-evolving business area, including an exploration of the key sectors of economic activity, current scientific and social issues affecting development of biotechnology-based businesses, the role of clusters in building an infrastructure for biotechnology activity, and the key steps involved in patenting and developing biotechnology-related products. Issues associated with financing biotechnology-based businesses in Canada are also reviewed.

The growing popularity of the Internet for shopping has launched the latest round of multiple retail channel integration as traditional stores, cataloguers, online stores and others all seek to provide customers with the choice of when and how to do business with them. Multi-channel retailing presents both significant opportunities and challenges. Success depends on how well a retailer addresses these opportunities by creating a seamless, fully integrated, multi-channel operation focused on providing high-quality, cost-effective service to consumers. Multi-channel integration is a complex strategy to undertake. This note discusses the major issues that retailers have to address.

Discusses the differences between private and social returns and describes an economic framework for assessing a project's social return [known as the economic rate of return (ERR)]. The framework begins by analyzing the impact of a new project on private financiers [the private return known as the financial rate of return (FRR)]. The framework then identifies other stakeholders who might be affected, directly or indirectly, by the project and examines the project's impact on each group. Assumes readers have a working knowledge of cost-benefit analysis, microeconomics, and basic valuation mechanics.

Explores how location affects a firm's strategy and identifies the different ways location affects industry structure, choice of a firm's position, and the sustainability of that position. The intellectual foundations lie in an appreciation of institutional economics. Specifically, the starting premise is that specialized intermediaries resolve transaction costs between potential buyers and sellers and help make mutually advantageous deals occur. The absence of such specialized intermediaries gives rise to the institutional voids. Specifies how such voids constrain companies' choices. Specific questions addressed are (1) What are global industries? (2) What constitutes a global strategy? (3) When and how should strategy be tailored to particular locations? and, (4) How sustainable are strategies predicated on the existence of institutional voids?

Designed to familiarize students with the consolidation of highly fragmented labor-dependent service industries, offering insights into service firm growth and the ways services can, and cannot, increase their efficiency and effectiveness. Two frameworks are presented illustrating the sources of benefits and disadvantages of size in consolidations and the important decisions managers must make in designing and executing a consolidation strategy. Intended to give managers insights into the consolidation phenomenon, illustrating the problems plaguing large, labor-dependent service consolidations. These problems explain why so few labor-dependent service consolidations have been successful. A rewritten version of an earlier note.

Provides an overview of cause-related marketing (CRM), including recent trends. Uses various examples to discuss the potential benefits of CRM as well as potential pitfalls.

Only in the waning years of the 20th century did international financial markets begin to enjoy the freedom from government regulation that they had experienced before the first world war. By 2002, international capital markets had grown to be enormous--$1.2 trillion flowed around the globe per day. The massive size of the market presented policy makers with a serious challenge as they were forced to grapple with the costs and benefits of such mobile capital. This note briefly relates the modern history of capital controls and summarizes scholarship on the advantages and disadvantages of international financial market regulation.

Explains the financial operations of retail banking, highlighting profitability challenges facing the industry. For U.S. banks, it is quite common for more than half of the customer base to be unprofitable and to have relatively few customers make up the vast majority of profits. Attempts to explain how retail banks generate revenue and incur costs while serving their customer base.

This note can be used as informational background reading on fuel cells, an environmentally attractive alternative technology for power generation and transportation. Courses that deal with innovation, technology, entrepreneurship, environment, energy/power/transportation issues, or sustainable business may find this useful. This note accompanies a case on fuel cells (UVA-ENT-0018). The note explores fuel cell technology including its history, current and potential applications, fuel sources, environmental issues, and manufacturing challenges. The commercialization issues covered include: performance requirements, time to market, costs, and other outside driving forces such as fuel distribution infrastructure, power generation reliability, fuel prices, etc. Fuel cells are an electrochemical energy source with the potential to take a significant market share from traditional electrical power generation and automobile propulsion technologies. Over the next decade fuel cells may provide more reliable energy and cleaner air while decreasing dependence on fossil fuels for transportation and stationary applications.

This case provides a brief introduction to the concept of minority interest and the issues that it gives rise to in valuation of firms.

Illustrates how various elements in a customer's encounter with Internet services relying on physical service (labor-intensive customer support and/or logistics) affect one another. Presents a framework that suggests: 1) that improving service quality in specific elements results in cost reductions in others creating a virtuous cycle and 2) that some elements of the service encounter provide superior sources of competitive advantage than others because of the difficulty competitors have replicating them. Both findings have implications for managers of organizations involved in the provision of most services over the Internet because they illustrate how those managers can simultaneously increase organizational efficiency and customer effectiveness.

Presents an introduction and overview of corporate venturing. Describes the need for companies to create new businesses, the stages in the process, predictable problems and challenges, the strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches such as internal venture divisions and corporate venture capital funds, and guidelines for successful practice.

Develops a framework for exploring the idea of, how service affects the economics of Internet organizations. Development of the framework requires an understanding of the different forms service takes in organizations that conduct business through the Internet. These forms are described as "virtual" (either pure information or automated) and "physical" (requiring some degree of human intervention). Because the nature and quantity of physical service necessary to deliver value to customers influence the quantity of human intervention required, they also influence a firm's ratio of variable to fixed costs, which alters its "scalability." A paradox occurs: many venture capitalists and proponents of Internet business view reduced scalability negatively; yet the cause of that reduction in scalability, human intervention, often helps a firm to differentiate its offering to customers, thus providing a source of competitive advantage. Also illustrates that scalability alone is insufficient to generate profit.

A brief introduction to the calculations inherent in pre-money and post-money valuations at multiple stages of financing. Relies on two different examples to illustrate that valuations can be calculated in a variety of ways, depending on the information provided. A rewritten version of an earlier note.

For many firms, government interaction is expansive, influencing the conduct of firms and industry structure. The visible hand of government, in the form of a regulatory scheme, plays a role in firm affairs along with the invisible hand of market forces. Deregulation and regulatory reform have changed but not eliminated government intervention. In such regulated environments, successful business strategy requires an understanding of the goals of regulatory involvement and the specifics of regulatory institutions. This note identifies some of the functions provided by regulatory institutions as well as the more important dimensions that differentiate specific institutional approaches to regulation. Understanding the common functions is important for managers interested in which approaches provide scope for long-term private sector involvement. Understanding the institutional differences is essential to devising specific strategies for business success. This note examines different regulatory decisions: the objectives behind regulatory intervention; the economic and legal basis of regulation; and various ways to implement a regulatory system, involving design choices in regulatory independence, the decision-making process, and industry scope.

Examines the possible reasons for unsatisfactory performance and proposes ways of dealing with it.

This case serves as a supplement to any course on incentive design and implementation. The analysis first locates incentive strategy within the larger structure of organizations and markets and then helps to define the central components and difficulties of incentive design. The case focuses on the principal difficulties in implementing incentive systems, including the trade off between objective and subjective performance metrics, how to design incentive systems in team environments, and the inherent problems with designing incentive systems in environments where workers are involved in multiple activities.