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This case is based on an actual investment decision made by a major paper-products company, and is primarily designed to be a straightforward exercise in assessing cash flows, cost of capital, and net present value of a capital-investment decision. The case works well for all audiences who are learning the basics of discounted cash flow and investment analysis, including the estimation of relevant cash flows (both cost savings and increased revenues), the effect of taxes on cost savings and revenues, the change in net working capital as a cash flow, and the weighted average cost of capital as the discount rate for the average investment.

The Liquid Gold cases (see also the B case, UVA-QA-0588) are an adaptation of the earlier Calambra Olive Oil cases (UVA-QA-0440 and UVA-QA-0442). This version supports a modified classroom experience. The cases describe the start-up of Calambra, a company built to sell a premier brand of olive oil. Frank Lockfeld, the founder, has to determine how much olive oil to make for the second year's production. Unfortunately, he has to make this decision before learning the results of the first year's sales. Thus, there is enormous uncertainty around the decision. The A case tells the start-up story and presents enough information for students to do a sensitivity analysis to decide which of the many uncertainties are most important, which leads to a discussion of tornado diagrams. The B case provides information on those critical uncertainties, which leads to a discussion of spreadsheet modeling and simulation modeling, searching for an optimal order quantity, adjusting for risk, etc. It also affords a discussion of a key general business issue: the difference between make-to-order and make-to-inventory businesses and the fundamental flaw in most business plans that leads to gross overestimates of potential profitability. Student spreadsheet files are available.

Martin Smith, a recent HBS graduate, has just begun working with a leveraged buyout firm. His first assignment is to evaluate three different deals and make recommendations to the partners. As he studies the deals, he realizes that each has different merits and drawbacks and that his recommendation must take into account not only the specifics of each target company but also the situation of his firm. Also, he must consider the stage of his career and that of the senior partner.

Discusses one of General Electric's flagship divisions--the world's leading provider of medical diagnostic imaging equipment. Provides an opportunity to examine a multinational confronting massive technological and demographic changes around the world. Genomics has created a global opportunity by making personalized medicine seem possible--medical intervention that caters to the genetic makeup of the individual and emphasizes prevention more than cure. Yet, the pursuit of this opportunity requires fundamental changes in the business model at a time when the model is being stressed by the idiosyncratic needs of catering to the large Chinese market and adapting to the needs of an aging population around the world. Demonstrates how multinationals can create value both by replicating their business models worldwide and by adroitly splitting the value chain across national boundaries.

A small start-up in the publishing business compares three possible alternatives for its new round of equity financing.

Select Collections sounds like the name of a fancy dress shop. Actually, in this case, it's a collection agency whose credit manager has asked a summer intern to apply her knowledge of regression analysis to forecast the amount the company will collect from 3,570 delinquent accounts. The intern must submit her forecasts in a contest with other interns to see whose model works the best. The case provides students with a modeling experience on a large data set. Instructors can form student teams and conduct their own forecasting contests.

In the late 1990s, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) faced a rude awakening as Congress stipulated that it eliminate its reliance on federal subsidies by 2002. In response, Amtrak drew up a plan for self-sufficiency, the centerpiece of which was a new high-speed passenger service that, it was hoped, would boost revenue enough to make Amtrak self-sufficient by 2002. To run this new service, Amtrak needed to purchase $750 million worth of new locomotives and train sets in 1999. Three alternatives were available for funding the purchase: debt financing, lease financing, or reliance on federal sources. The case opens with Amtrak's CFO instructing her staff in April 1999 to review a leveraged-lease proposal that has just been submitted by BNY Capital Funding LLC. The objectives of the case are to introduce students to financial leases as a financing alternative, explore the lease-versus-buy decision and the conditions under which financial lease arrangements make sense, and exercise skills in the valuation of financial leases.

Finland, with a special language and culture, has developed as a country in between the west (the Nordic region and Europe) and the east (especially its neighbor Russia). In the 1980s, a process started of moving out of an investment-driven economy into an innovation-driven one. With the collapse of the Soviet Union around 1990, Finland reached a crisis. This case covers policy changes made in the 1990s and how, by 2002, the country had managed to become one of the most competitive in the world. A large part of the success could be attributed to the dynamic telecommunications cluster--especially Nokia, accounting for some 70% to 80% of the cluster exports and the world leader in mobile phones. Nokia also reached a crisis around 1990.

This case follows a team of founders--recent graduates from the Graduate School of Business (GBS)--from the earliest phase of company formation to the company's launch and successful beginnings. The four founders met and began discussions as students at the GSB. This case covers in some depth the specifics of the team formation, including discussing and establishing values, sharing and explicitly stating goals, and determining ownership and management roles. The team formally came together well before it had determined its business plan or even the business area it would pursue. It covers the team's search for a viable business idea and touches on the various paths for idea generation as well as some challenges the team faced. After the team has determined it will pursue an opportunity in wireless, the case covers its search for appropriate financing and for a strong management team to round out the founders' experience and skills.

In late January 2000, Cable & Wireless plc (C&W) and Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. (SingTel) unveiled a proposed merger of equals between Cable & Wireless HKT (HKT) and SingTel. Both HKT and SingTel were the leading telecom operators in their local markets, and a merger between the two would create the second-largest full-service telecom provider in Asia outside Japan. Nonetheless, the proposed deal was received coolly in Hong Kong and Singapore, owing to uncertainty over its political and financial ramifications. C&W anticipated that the Chinese government would prefer to keep HKT in local investors' control and had, therefore, considered the possibility of receiving offers from potential suitors in Hong Kong, possibly including Pacific Century CyberWorks Ltd. (PCCW). To respond to SingTel or any other potential bidders, C&W had to prepare itself for the negotiations and find a fair value for its stakes in HKT.

Japan Net Bank (JNB), Japan's first Internet bank without physical branches, began operation in October 2000. It attracted mainly young customers looking for convenient, round-the-clock bank services with much more competitive interest rates and transaction charges than traditional Japanese banks. Its access channels included the mobile Internet service i-mode and fixed-line Internet. JNB relied on flexible, open computer systems and a small, young workforce to minimize operation cost. Its shareholders, including parent company Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp. as well as NTT DoCoMo (provider of i-mode), were all big companies from different industry sectors. By April 2001, JNB had 130,000 customers. But it needed to resolve a number of issues before being able to achieve long-term success in the face of strong competition from bricks-and-mortar banks and new Internet-only banks. One of those issues was about how to meet with wide fluctuations in usage without overinvesting; the other was alliance management, i.e., how to cooperate with alliance partners to achieve competitive advantage.

On August 2, 2000, Korea-based Pohang Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. (POSCO) and Japan-based Nippon Steel Corp. (NSC) crafted a cross-border, cross-shareholding alliance. At a joint press conference, the two companies said their alliance was not limited to their firms alone and said approaches from others would be welcomed. Their invitation had aroused the interest of the largest steelmaker in China, Baoshan Iron & Steel Co. Ltd (Baosteel). In January 2001, Baosteel signed a memorandum of understanding with POSCO to create a cross-shareholding in each other's shares. The company also planned to invite NSC to acquire a stake in the group. If the Sino-Japanese alliance succeeded, the three steel giants would form a three-way cross-border, cross-shareholding alliance. Such a bold move would help Baosteel to gain an upper hand in competition with European and American steel firms eager to enter the Asian market.

Two cofounders of a company enter into a negotiation to set the terms of a start-up in the field of laparoscopic surgery.

Finova Group, a $14 billion commercial finance company, filed for Chapter 11 in early March 2001, in what was one of the largest U.S. bankruptcy filings of all time and the largest corporate bond default since the Great Depression. While in Chapter 11, Finova became the object of a heated bidding contest. Under the final accepted plan of reorganization, "Berkadia" (partnership of Leucadia National Corp. and value-investor Warren Buffet's Bershire Hathaway) sponsored a massive recapitalization of Finova, providing a secured loan of $6 billion to buy out the unsecured bank and bond creditors. In return, Berkadia received 51% of the reorganized company's common stock and control of the board of directors. No development of new business was planned. A number of entities represented in the case, however, believed that the company might have substantial going concern value and were concerned that Berkadia would acquire the company at an artificially low price. During the bankruptcy, a large fraction of Finova's debt and equity claims were purchased by so-called "vulture investors," who hoped to influence the outcome of the case.

The National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship (NFTE), is a successful nonprofit poised on the verge of explosive growth. The senior management contracted with McKinsey consultants to help guide the process. The founders of NFTE brought it from a small program run out of their apartment to a $7 million enterprise operating in 43 states and 14 countries. Yet, it is a loose organization run by mission-driven entrepreneurs who manage to succeed by grit, charisma, and inspiring others. McKinsey is an icon of rational business planning; its advice is data driven and impassionate. For NFTE to go to the next step of its development, it must radically change the organization and introduce both structure and discipline to themselves and others. This will require a number of difficult choices and behavioral changes. Was this a good partnership? Can NFTE succeed in making the necessary changes? Is the plan appropriate for the organization?

Examines the founding and evolution of a for-profit microlending organization in Bolivia. Explores the mechanics of microlending, nonprofit and for-profit approaches to serving the informal sector, and how the industry evolves over a 15-year period.

The Internet portal Lycos has acquired Tripod, a provider of home-page-building tools, and now must decide how to integrate the acquisition.

Space Data Corp. plans to partner with the U.S. National Weather Service to place transceivers on weather balloons and thereby create a national mobile communications network. The company is in the late development stages and is planning to launch a regional test that will demonstrate its ability to provide paging and messaging. It intends to sell its service to existing mobile carriers, such as Skytel and Verizon, rather than directly to end users. This case illustrates how Space Data has applied flexible business processes throughout its initial market research and technology development to create a system that can make optimal use of its limited resources and respond rapidly to changing conditions. As the case concludes, the executive team at Space Data faces three opportunities, each with very different costs and benefits for the company. It can proceed with a regional test of paging and messaging as planned, leap forward to develop a more complex but potentially more lucrative voice service (forgoing a regional test), or make a transition to the small but financially stable telemetry market. Includes color exhibits.

Explores the motivation for businesses to be concerned with the global AIDS epidemic. The formation of the council serves as an example of how business leaders are building a network of companies to develop an effective business response to AIDS-both through workforce programs and by harnessing commercial strengths to develop effective AIDS programs. Examines the difficult choices that the leadership of the council must make in expanding the organization. Provides a backdrop for the organization by discussing the evolving international context surrounding AIDS and its treatment-highlighting the role of business, government, and civil society in the developments that occurred in 2000 and 2001. Also provides a brief profile of MTV, a member of the council that has made a major commitment to increasing youth awareness of AIDS.