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This note reviews the evidence that the world is undergoing an era of de-globalization. It shows that available metrics show some support for this theory. However there is also evidence that what is happening might be better described as regionalization. The nature of globalization is also changing with digitalization and a de-linking of globalization and Americanization. The note continues by an examination of four factors which have slowed or else redefined global economic integration in recent years: terrorism, the global financial crisis of 2008/9, the growth of populism; and geopolitical rivalty between China and the United States. The note ends by outlining four alternative future scenarios. They are a return to globalization as known in the past; widespread national autarky as in the 1930s; intensified regionalization with each regional block anchored by a major economic power; and full-scale military conflict replicating the first half of the twentieth century.

This note introduces students to two central concepts for ethical analysis: well-being and rights. It illustrates ways in which they figure in managerial decisions and challenges that arise, including how to frame trade-offs across individual well-being and paternalism.

This technical note provides a compiled 2020 annual report for the United States of America, consolidated for the public and private sectors. It includes financial statements, accompanying notes, discussion and analysis, and a summary of risk factors. An introductory section specifies the report's overarching purpose, as well as describing the role of accounting more generally for any defined entity. This annual report is designed to enable access to objective and transparent financial information about the United States within a single document. It can serve as a bridge to a candid and complete conversation about the nation's economic and financial condition. The summary is a descriptive work, not theoretical. To increase accessibility, effort was made where possible to present and describe information in layman's terms and language.

The dematerialization and servitization of products being brought about by the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) is making it imperative for platform businesses to look at consumers and suppliers from a lifetime value perspective. This technical note compares two fundamental strategic marketing perspectives: the push strategy and the pull strategy, using simple systems-dynamics and agent-based models. The models, developed using Vensim and NetLogo software, illustrate the efficacies of push and pull marketing strategies at the individual customer level. Specifically, they demonstrate the possibilities of market failure due to excessive pushing and consumer community formation.

Beyond providing increased opportunities to underrepresented businesses for participating in the procurement process, supplier-diversity initiatives offer substantive financial benefits to the buyer organization. However, significant challenges may be associated with designing, implementing, and evaluating the socioeconomic impact of supplier-diversity initiatives. This technical note is designed to introduce the concept of supplier diversity in supply chains and develops the socioeconomic and financial case for sourcing from diverse suppliers. It then describes a set of actions that professionals can undertake to source from diverse suppliers and discusses the challenges associated with managing supplier-diversity initiatives in supply chains. This technical note would be an appropriate addition to any operations and supply chain management class, particularly in a module focused on strategic sourcing and procurement.

If you can understand football scoring or read a recipe, you can understand an income statement, with the help of this note. It is important to understand an income statement because it tells investors or any stakeholder of a company whether or not the company is making money. An income statement also gives information to company managers to make better forecasts and decisions.

This note provides background on Title 47 US Code § 230, the section of federal law that protects internet companies from liability for the content shared by users, and for the moderation and even removal of that content if considered objectionable. So central is this law to the debate over online speech and content policy that it is commonly referred to simply as ""Section 230,"" even though nearly every one of the 54 titles in federal law also contains a section 230. Passed as part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Section 230 ended a ""moderator's dilemma"" that resulted from a 1995 court decision. If that decision had not been overturned, it would have meant internet companies that restricted access to objectionable content became liable for any and all content on their platforms. This technical note is particularly useful when used to facilitate discussion of the case ""Trump v. Twitter, et al."" (UVA-S-0360). The case explores the period in 2020 in which the social media activity of Donald Trump, then president of the United States, started to be moderated by some social media companies, receiving warning labels and even being removed for violating content guidelines.

The ability to communicate an action plan through writing is essential for advancing ideas, earning credibility, and garnering support. Research has shown that leaders who write formal plans are more likely to execute successfully-written plans help members of an organization focus on common goals and the allocation and coordination of resources. Organizations have increasingly required employees to write memos as supplements (or replacements) to presentations (e.g., Amazon's Jeff Bezos and Tesla's Elon Musk banned the use of slides in internal meetings and, instead, mandated "memo-only" policies). Unlike presentations, where information is often listed as bullet points, action-planning memos include more detail and context. They also serve as intellectual assets that can help team members learn from success and failure. This Note explains how to write an effective action-planning memo. It consists of four parts: (1) when to write a memo versus other forms of communication; (2) key components of an action-planning memo; (3) tips for writing a memo; and (4) avoiding common traps. The Note is designed for use by both students and executives. Instructors can assign the Note to help their students develop writing skills needed for classroom assignments. Executives will find it useful for honing their written communication skills.

Technology is advancing at a rapid rate, changing various aspects of our everyday lives. Businesses and governments are trying to adapt to this change by embracing positive aspects, while remaining attentive to negative aspects. This note focuses on technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data, considering the ethical issues that these technologies create within our society and also how these ethical issues are being addressed.

This final note in the four-part series on competitive-cost analysis introduces the concepts of learning curves and experience curves, which can be analyzed with a log-log relationship between unit cost and cumulative volume.

This brief note provides a description of the A3 communication tool using classic problem-solving methodology associated with the Toyota Production System. A3 thinking may be used to assist communication of all aspects of problem solving, including proposal writing and status reporting. The six most common elements of an A3 report are described briefly.

At many leading business schools, cases are written only by professors or professional case writers. At the Darden School of Business, however, MBA students may also write cases. Case writing helps students to gain tangible business writing and communication skills, to sharpen their business acumen, to understand better the key concepts learned in the classroom, and to prepare for the practical rigors of the workplace. This technical note explores what students can learn from case writing, how and why case writing can be beneficial to their careers, and the individual-level benefits of case writing.

This note explores the selection of investment managers and the performance-measurement tools associated with this important task. In selecting investment options for a firm's 401(k) plan, identifying possible managers to oversee a portion of an endowment's or foundation's investment portfolio, or a retail investor's decision of which fund to choose for their regular investment account, investment performance is likely to play an important role. In this technical note, we explore a number of different performance measures that may be used to select managers, including total return, alpha, and information ratio, and a key risk measurement used in this approach, tracking error.

Unconventional monetary policy has become the norm since the 2008 financial crisis. Central bank balance sheets have swelled and new tools for interest rate control have now emerged. This technical note provides a framework to help students understand the nature of unconventional monetary policy and interpret recent changes in how short-term policy rates are controlled. It can serve as a technical supplement to an event-study case on monetary policy responses to the 2008 financial crisis and/or the COVID-19 pandemic. It would also complement a case on monetary policy in a world with central bank digital currency. Alternatively, it can form the basis of its own tool-building class ahead of such cases.

This technical note aims to guide discussion on three strategic moves that are designed for multipoint competition: thrust, feint, and gambit. It will examine how these moves might be applied for multipoint competition within the pet food industry. In the 1980s, pet food companies competed across many different subsegments of cat and dog food, requiring complex and creative multipoint competition strategies to win market shares.