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This short note introduces all of the important and commonly used financial ratios, organized into five categories: (1) liquidity ratios, which measure a company’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations; (2) leverage ratios, which evaluate a company’s capital structure by measuring how a firm uses debt and equity to finance its operations; (3) efficiency ratios, which measure how efficiently a company is utilizing its assets and resources; (4) profitability ratios, which measure a company’s ability to generate profit from its resources; and (5) market ratios (also called valuation ratios), which evaluate the share price of a company’s stock.

Selling oneself is something that we have to do every day in both professional and personal settings. We face it when we apply for a job, advocate for a promotion or a raise, vie for a leadership position, attempt to land a new client, write a dating profile, or meet a new friend. In today's world driven by a sharing economy reliant on one's personal reputation as currency, populated by so-called influencers, and with all of our day-to-day lives captured, packaged, and shared on social media, we are all brands, and thus we need to understand how to market ourselves. This note is designed to help you better understand how to identify, clarify, communicate, embody, and strategically manage your personal brand so that it strongly and clearly signifies and signals the unique value you have to offer. Personal branding allows you to own and tell your story - empowering you to make the difference you wish to achieve in your life and in the greater world.

This background note is intended to provide context for a discussion of the strategies for big integrated oil companies in light of both oil's current role in the global energy system and the uncertainty about changes going forward.

This technical note will help provide insight on what a brand purpose is, why it matters, and how companies can vary in their design and application of brand purpose. Since the concept of brand purpose is an emerging idea, growing in importance within the academic and practicing communities, we hope this technical note will inspire a deeper reflection and discussion that will lead to greater understanding of brand purpose best practices.

In the field of branding, terms like parent brands and subbrands are often used in imprecise ways. The general lack of clarity around these terms can lead to poor marketing communication and confusion about marketing strategy. This note offers a synopsis of what parent brands and subbrands are, explains the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating them into a company's brand architecture, and provides numerous examples of each.

This short note introduces all of the important and commonly used financial ratios, organized into five categories: (1) liquidity ratios, which measure a company's ability to meet short-term debt obligations; (2) leverage ratios, which evaluate a company's capital structure by measuring how a firm uses debt and equity to finance its operations; (3) efficiency ratios, which measure how efficiently a company is utilizing its assets and resources; (4) profitability ratios, which measure a company's ability to generate profit from its resources; and (5) market ratios (also called valuation ratios), which evaluate the share price of a company's stock.

Few concepts are as important as maturity transformation for understanding financial crises. This technical note guides students through the key mechanisms in the theory using a representative investor, a long-term borrower, and an issuer of shorter-term claims. It then highlights the pervasiveness of maturity transformation in modern financial products. It works well before classes on deposit insurance, bank regulation, the 2008 financial crisis, and/or shadow banking generally.

Many of the world's most valuable brands are global in scope. They benefit from shared meanings, systems, and stories across markets, and much of their allure for consumers lies in their "global-ness." Creating value from global brands requires successfully managing many issues related to the demand side and supply side economics of global branding, the management of global brands, and the mobilization of organizations around global brands. This note explores these issues and highlight key opportunities and challenges in the future of global branding. It will outline the conditions under which a global branding strategy is preferred to a local branding strategy and those under which glocalization (global brands that have some level of local customization) are warranted.

What is monetary policy and what is the Federal Reserve's (Fed's) role in determining monetary policy in the United States? How are changes in monetary policy implemented and how do these changes affect firms, households, and other stakeholders? This technical note addresses these questions by outlining the Fed's legal mandate, the tools at its disposal to achieve that mandate, and the mechanisms through which the Fed's policy choices affect macroeconomic outcomes. This note is designed to follow a sequence on the IS/LM-AD/AS model of the macroeconomy (e.g., as presented in UVA-GEM-0125, UVA-GEM-0126, and UVA-GEM-0127). In particular, students are expected to approach this note with prior exposure to a formalization of an economy's potential level of output and how changes in the money supply affect GDP, employment, and the price level. This note expands on prior technical material by distinguishing between the monetary base and the money supply (and hence defining the money multiplier).

This technical note is designed to introduce students and practitioners to the body of work associated with creativity and its applications for professionals and the organizations they lead. Creativity is often seen as an intangible subject, and a half-century of research remains remarkably unknown. This note describes actions that professionals can immediately implement to accelerate creativity in the work place.

This technical note provides a brief overview of the state of climate finance at the start of the 2020s. Catastrophes such as the Texas power grid failure and widespread wildfires in other western states have highlighted the increasing financial costs of climate change. The material includes market failures that have constrained the financial sector's response to the challenge of climate change, along with different methods that have been used to target funding toward climate-related opportunities. It offers consideration of the roles of public, private, and blended finance products to provide the trillions of dollars necessary to meet the needs of the Paris Accord. The note can be used both as background material or as a discussion topic itself, in which students might consider how best to address these market failures, how public finance might mobilize private capital, the benefits and drawbacks of vehicles used to date, and the innovative vehicles they might design. The depth of financial detail discussed in the class can be customized to reflect student knowledge.

Cryptocurrencies claim to be the future of money and payments, the lifelines of any business. An informed evaluation requires understanding both the economics and the computer science behind the technology. Designed for an MBA elective on money and banking, this technical note guides students through the building blocks of cryptocurrencies using the one that launched them all: Bitcoin. To provide a logically consistent framework for interpreting future innovations, the technical note digs deeper into the technological ingredients of Bitcoin than is typical in economics, while also connecting the technology back to a core set of economic principles, all in an accessible way.

Systems thinking is a discipline that emerged in the 20th century as a way to understand the complex interrelationships among various players and dynamics within an industry or field that resist simple, reductionist thinking. The big challenges we face play out in complex social-environmental systems, and the strength of systems thinking is in widening the perspective to see the fundamental relationships and dynamics that enable us to address challenges at the root cause rather than at the surface. The course note summarizes the core concepts of systems thinking and its application to the field of social innovation for students looking to understand how to identify opportunities for systemic change of complex and at times seemingly intractable problems.

A note on regulatory technology (RegTech) describing its evolution, use cases, and the competitive environment in 2021.