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In 2019, World Bank analyst Abebi Eke had a difficult assignment: decide whether to recommend that the World Bank, in line with its commitment to expanding financial inclusion to the world's poor, lend its support to a particular digital payments scheme. Eke was asked to investigate two of the most promising payment systems-UPI in India and M-Pesa in Kenya-and prepare a memo comparing the benefits and drawbacks of each. Eke had discovered that while successful digital payment systems often shared some aspects of their operating business models, their agent networks and even their marketing campaigns, their regulatory and corporate structures could be quite dissimilar. She also learned that digital payment services had flourished in some countries, both developed and developing, but not in others. Why? The World Bank's own research revealed that of the five countries that most successfully implemented mobile money-a form of digital payments-one was a low-income economy, one a lower-middle-income economy, and three were considered upper-middle-income economies, demonstrating there was no one route to achieving financial inclusion. To write her memo, Eke needed to deeply understand the drivers of and barriers to success in digital payments. The case presents students with a rich understanding of both digital payment systems, allowing students to compare and contrast them while assessing each one's likely success in another country. Case number 2173.0

Hunan TV & Broadcast Intermediary Co. Ltd. ("TIK"), was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (stock code 917), and it was recognized as one of the leaders in the TV industry in mainland China. Its major lines of business included TV broadcasting, TV and movie production, TV and movie distribution, and an advertising agency. A major client of TIK was Hunan Satellite TV, a related company of TIK. Hunan Satellite TV was the second most popular TV broadcasting station in mainland China. The chairman of TIK, 龙秋云[Long Quiyun], was replaced by 陈刚[Chen Gang] on 30 October 2017. Long was arrested later, on 11 January 2018, on charges for illegally accepting bribes. TIK also appointed three new executive directors in January and February 2018 out of a total of four. The shake-up was followed by a surprise financial result announcement. From FY2010 to FY2016, the company had reported profits ranging from CNY387m to CNY649m. When the company forecasted profits of CNY26m to CNY39m for FY2017 in a mandated forecast on 31 January 2018, investors knew profits for the year would be significantly lower as than the years before. On 26 April 2018, when the company announced a net loss for FY2017 of CNY464m on 26 April 2018, this came as an unwelcome surprise. Both FY2017 and FY2018 were subject to major write-downs in the value of several assets. The write-down provision in FY2017 was CNY411.1m, while for FY2018, it was CNY552.6m.

From 2000 to 2019, the department of corporate social responsibility and global supplier management at Huawei Technologies Company Limited had been trying to engage hundreds of Chinese suppliers on sustainability. The department's effort included orchestrating multiple, diverse, sustainability initiatives, from auditing to contributing to the rollout of a self-assessment tool launched in 2012 by the British Telecom Group (BT). However, the auditing, even when delivered through a joint initiative established by international communications tech companies in 2013, seemed unlikely to cause pathbreaking development in Huawei's large and fragmented supply network. Initial experiences with the self-assessment tool were proving equally unsuccessful in introducing suppliers to more sustainable products and operations and stimulating engagement among them. Why were these initiatives failing to produce improvement? What else could be done to effectively and efficiently engage hundreds of Chinese suppliers on sustainability?

Blake Vince is a fifth-generation farmer who adheres to what appears to be a set of unconventional farming techniques. Most farmers prepare for planting by tilling their fields, turning over weeds and cover crops to expose the dirt underneath. Vince, however, practices "no-till" farming, leaving the top layer of soil undisturbed. Further, he allows for a variety of cover crops to grow alongside the soybean plants he cultivates. This combination of no-till and cover crop farming is thought to be more sustainable in the long run but comes at the expense of crop yields in the short run (for the first few years). There is tradition linked to the practice of tilling, but, according to Vince's research, tilling contributes to reduced soil health, decreases the ability of the soil to hold water and nutrients, and increases agricultural runoff of excess fertilizers into regional water systems. Vince's challenge is how to spread the word that farm owners should plan and act as long-term stewards if they wish to preserve the land for future generations to use. He faces an uphill battle.

Boston-based Project Have Hope was a non-profit social enterprise promoting financial stability for 100 women in Kampala, Uganda, who had been displaced as a result of Uganda's civil war. Established in 2006, Project Have Hope used revenue from the sale of paper bead jewellery and other products made by the women to provide training, loans, and children's tuition. The project faced many challenges over the years, including an unplanned expansion of its beneficiaries, staffing challenges, an oversaturated bead jewellery market, rising costs, and the founder's unsustainable workload. In 2019, Project Have Hope was at a nexus: how could the founder sustain Project Have Hope into the future?

In December 2018, Boom Technology Inc., a start-up based in Colorado, United States, was hoping to enter the aviation market with a supersonic aircraft. The company's founder and chief executive officer believed that customers would pay a premium for a flight that could get them to their destination in less than half the time compared to current options. Developing meaningful relationships within this complex web of stakeholders, including large and powerful traditional aircraft makers, regulators, airlines, and end customers, was one of the biggest challenges. In addition, two other start-ups had similar aims and were also developing relationships and alliances with different businesses in the sector. The company's founder was contemplating several key business decisions. Was supersonic flight a technologically possible and economically viable form of transport? How could the company convince airlines to buy the supersonic aircraft? Was building a supersonic private business jet a safer bet?

Arredondar was a nongovernmental organization (NGO) whose objective was encouraging the culture of donation in Brazil through acts of micro-donations. Any shopper could donate at the retail stores that partnered with Arredondar. The process was simple: customers could round up the total value of their purchase to the next whole value, and the difference in cents would be donated to carefully selected NGOs. Arredondar offered a simple, accessible, and transparent way to donate, which seemed compatible with the characteristics of a country in which the donation culture was not yet strong, and where there was distrust of NGOs. However, there were indications that despite awards and success, the project might not be able to achieve financial sustainability. The case focuses on a common dilemma of social enterprises: how to be financially sustainable while creating a strong social impact. Although Arredondar had already partnered with large retailers, it needed to rethink its operation in order to break even. Arredondar's leadership considered the following strategies: (1) focus on the core through existing retail partners; (2) expand toward new retailers; (3) implement new ways for consumers to donate the money other than through cashiers at partnering retailers; or (4) increase the administrative fee. Would one of these four options help Arredondar be financially sustainable?

This case presents the challenges facing BMW and Toyota in choosing how to address the divergence between the Trump administration and the State of California's standards over U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. The case provides relevant information about the two firms and recent developments in the auto industry. The case leads the students to consider the political causes for the higher international pressure on automakers to reduce carbon dioxide emissions relative to the stance of the U.S. government; and the domestic legislative showdown between the state of California and the federal government on vehicular emissions. Students are asked to develop a detailed integrated market and lobbying strategy for BMW and Toyota based on a range of concepts, data, and frameworks germane to courses in business, policy, and society. At the heart of the case study are the constantly evolving challenges facing two global automakers and their operations in the United States. The case begins by presenting the international landscape, particularly in Europe, with respect to climate change. It then provides relevant information about the two firms and recent developments in the auto industry. It also presents the broader political and economic landscape surrounding the auto industry, particularly with the advent of electric vehicles and changing consumer preferences. To do so, the case lays down the current political climate in the United States; the threat of climate change and mounting international pressure on automakers to reduce carbon dioxide emissions; and the domestic legislative showdown between the state of California and the federal government on vehicular emissions.

On March 25, 2019, the head of business growth for SmartMoney, owned by the Indian conglomerate Smart Industries Limited, was expected by his company's management team to propose a strategy for capturing 10 per cent of India's digital payments market in financial year 2019-20. He knew that the market was vast and fragmented and that he was working with a platform business, where fast mobilization was a key factor. SmartMoney already had market presence, resources, and the required expertise to be competitive on the merchant side of the industry over the long term. Therefore, the immediate and considerable challenge was how to mobilize the consumer side, where the company faced various well-established and aggressive incumbents. To thoroughly asses the market, the head of business growth had to integrate a great deal of available information. He would need to select the right entry strategy and target a consumer segment, offering appropriate incentive schemes to attract business. His challenge was to devise a strategy and build a stable, substantial customer base that would deliver the desired results to sustain long-term growth for both SmartMoney and its parent company.

Algorithmic networking startup Lunchclub coordinates in-person meetings between professionals who would have been unlikely to meet. The company faces marketplace design, growth, and monetization challenges: The executive team has to refine Lunchclub's marketplace strategy, and determine whether the company should continue to focus on its current use cases and geographical hubs or expand the platform's scale and scope. And while Lunchclub unlocks significant value by brokering new connections, the team still has to identify whom to charge and how.

The President of Harvard University is facing growing pressure from students, alumni, and other climate change activists that are urging the university to divest its multi-billion dollar endowment from fossil fuel companies. The case summarizes the arguments for and against Harvard divesting, examining past examples of Harvard's investment decisions and the financial implications of divestment.

It is July 2019, and the business of esports and gaming is booming. Tyler Blevins-better known as Ninja-has risen to stardom playing the immensely popular shooter game Fortnite. He has become the most followed streamer in the world and, helped by his management company Loaded (a division of esports technology and services company Popdog), has become the first esports player to cross over into the mainstream. So far, Ninja has worked with Twitch, owned by Amazon, as his exclusive partner for live streams. However, with that contract coming up for renewal in the next month, other platforms were hoping to lure Ninja away. Mixer, a much smaller service owned by Microsoft, was leading the charge. Leaving Twitch would come at a significant risk: the few star gamers who had attempted to switch platforms in the past had failed to convince most of their followers to come along, and had quickly seen their hold on the market disappear. But Mixer was a promising alternative. How should Ninja approach the choice between platforms? Was it time to leave Twitch and jump to a different platform? And how could Ninja best position himself for long-term success?

Nova Pioneer was a private school system in South Africa and Kenya that offered preschool through secondary education for students ranging in age from 3 to 19. The earliest of Nova Pioneer's precursors was Pioneer Academies, founded in South Africa by Chinezi Chijioke in 2013. Pioneer was started to offer the affordable, quality education needed to develop Africa's next generation of leaders and innovators. In 2015, Pioneer Academies merged with Nova Academies, a newer school in Kenya founded by a team of experienced education entrepreneurs, creating Nova Pioneer. This case covers the next set of expansion plans for Nova Pioneer - to expand into additional countries and fulfill Nova Pioneer's vision of becoming a pan-African school system.

The case revolves around the actions that Barbara Novick, co-founder and Vice-Chair of Blackrock, and Michelle Edkins, Global Head of Investment Stewardship, would need to take in response to the controversial CEO letters from Laurence (Larry) Fink, Chairman and CEO of BlackRock. Fink's letters focused on the importance of corporate purpose and investing considering environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. The case also discusses Blackrock's plans for a new model of shareholder engagement to help drive the changes proposed in the letters. The case presents the opportunity to discuss the governance role played by major institutional investors as well as how the responsibilities and actions of one large investor, BlackRock, should evolve in this role going forward. It is not clear whether BlackRock should play such a role and, if so, whether they have the ability to enforce corporate compliance and to carry out this role given they are primarily an index investor. The case is likely to generate spirited debate about the merits of BlackRock's pronouncements and the importance of corporate investments in ESG themes and allow for discussions on measurement and disclosure strategies that can judge progress on these dimensions.

This case provides an overview of the founding and scaling story of British health and wellness company Clinova. The case outlines the fledgling company's early marketing successes signing up-and-coming athletes and sports franchises, as well as the difficult capital allocation, strategic and structural decisions Clinova's founders Arsalan Karim and Charles Ebubedike must make between scaling their consumer product lines or building their illness diagnosis mobile application.

The case describes Angela Merkel's background, her education, her ascent to power in Germany, and the development of her leadership style.

This case explains the technological changes in mobile communications, with a special focus on the fifth generation (5G). It describes the evolution from the first generation (1G) to the 5G; core technologies, distinct capabilities, key products, and major players in the 5G era. It can be used to illustrate how each generation of technological change offers opportunities for different types of firms and how they respond. It can also be used to discuss the technological, market, and institutional uncertainties associated with emerging technologies, as well as how firms and entrepreneurs can mitigate such uncertainties and exploit emerging opportunities. The case can also be used to debate first-mover vs. late-mover advantages in the 5G era.

This case traces the journey of the AXA group, one of the top three insurance providers globally from 2016 to 2019 under the leadership of newly appointed CEO, Thomas Buberl. During this period, the insurance industry faced strong headwinds - persistent low interest rates, weak financial markets, evolving customer expectations, new types of risks associated with cyber, health and natural catastrophes, as well as widespread disruption from the new breed of insurtech players. Buberl's strategy rested on two pillars - focus to drive efficiency in the company's core business and transform to prepare it for the digital age by developing new capabilities and value propositions to allow it to shift from a payer-to-partner business model. Buberl's biggest move, contrary to market expectations, was a pivot in AXA's portfolio from life and savings to commercial property and casualty (P&C), achieved through the US$15.3 billion acquisition of US-based XL Group, making AXA the largest P&C player globally. Other moves included increasing its focus on the health insurance segment, accelerating growth in Asia, and launching a new business unit - AXA Next - to build an innovation ecosystem focused on developing services and business models beyond insurance. However, competition from both traditional insurers and niche players was intense as a wave of M&As swept across the industry. The rules of the game were changing fast. Could AXA maintain its leadership position? And if so, how?

P. N. Gadgil Jewellers Private Limited, based in India, was formed from the most recent separation of the original Gadgil family business, whose origins dated back to the 18th century. The company's gold, silver, and diamond jewellery were all sold under the P. N. Gadgil (PNG) brand. The company expanded from six stores and revenue of ₹13 billion in 2012 to 26 stores and revenue of ₹21 billion in 2016. Although the company focused on professionalizing the business operations by recruiting professionals and adopting new systems and processes, more work was needed to fully achieve a separate identity. Repeated instances of unsatisfactory customer experiences, which had occurred at the other Gadgil family businesses, were having a negative impact on the company's brand image. What strategy could the company follow to differentiate its own PNG brand from the other Gadgil businesses? Should it pursue an expensive brand valuation and hold the other family business to a contractual agreement that disallowed the use of the PNG brand name? Would the other businesses consent to such an agreement?