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Crystal Lagoons has developed a pioneering, innovative, and environmentally sustainable technology that has been patented worldwide, which allows crystal clear lagoons of unlimited sizes to be built and maintained at very low costs anywhere in the world, using minimal amount of chemicals and energy. This case describes the early journey of the founder and inventor Fernando Fischmann. It is a tale of the challenges that Mr. Fischmann had to overcome over a 7-year period that resulted in the first ever crystal lagoon.

This case presents the startup and growth of Preserve, a sustainability-driven business and B Corp, in the circular economy. The company has grown over the years as a housewares and personal care consumer goods company in the retail industry with a closed loop business model on #5 plastics. With this operational model, Preserve managed to create social and commercial value by attaining strategic growth while meeting its social mission. To serve dual purpose (social and commercial), Preserve helped its partners achieve sustainability goals, but these investments did not necessarily add to the financial bottom line and short-term growth of the company. The case focuses on the meaning of "growth" as the strategic intent for a sustainability-driven business. It explores to what extent a purpose-driven business like Preserve could meet the challenge of simultaneously being a social value leading business and keeping financial sustainability with the current business model. The case examines Preserve's founding mission and organizational values, and it discusses the tradeoff between social mission and economic goals any growth-driven sustainable company would face. It puts into perspective the importance of stakeholder collaboration and communication for sustainability and growth. The case introduces the framework of SEERS - Social, Environmental, Economic Responsibility and Sustainability - for evaluating Preserve's sustainability strategy. The SEERS framework contains four elements: (1) identifying purpose and strategic intent, (2) engaging stakeholders, (3) developing metrics, and (4) implementing cascading innovations. It provides opportunities for considering strategic decision-making with respect to economic and social value generation and social responsibility.

GasBuddy is a 15-year-old mobile app-led company, providing gas station and pricing information to drivers and selling ads to fuel stations and convenience store owners. Though the GasBuddy Mobile App has received many awards and often ranks among the top-three travel apps in downloads, competitive pressure is building. Recognizing the competitive shifts, its parent company, UCG, brings in a new management team that is steeped in start-up experience spanning payments, convenience stores, social and mobile media, digital transformation, point of sale systems, modern technology platforms, agile development, and UI/UX. The new team recognizes that speed as well as agility will be essential for future growth. The case takes readers through the company's cultural, digital platform, and product line changes, including a bold entry into the payments industry. The changes support the company's evolved branding and a new multi-sided platform (MSP) business strategy. Early changes across the three areas - culture, digital platform, and product line - are put to the test during highly destructive Hurricanes Harvey and Irma.

Beginning in 2014, JPMorgan Chase launched Invested in Detroit, a $100 million philanthropic investment in the city over five years. The bank worked with local economic development organizations, workforce development organizations, small businesses, philanthropies, and the city government to put in place a series of investments to help turn around the struggling city. In 2017, JPMorgan Chases' chairman and CEO, Jamie Dimon, is faced the with decision of whether or not to expand the program to other locations in the U.S.

In 2017, JANA Partners decided to launch an activist campaign at struggling supermarket chain Whole Foods Market. The company had struggled for the past several years, and JANA thought the presence of new directors could help turn around its operations, while Whole Foods resisted, adding new directors and announcing ambitious new financial targets. Facing continued pressure from JANA despite the new changes, Whole Foods accepted an acquisition offer from Amazon, ending the engagement with JANA.

Not long after John, BeautifulCoffee's (BC) newly appointed producer partnership manager, began his evaluation of the business relationship between BC and its coffee producer organization in Nepal, he realized that the relationship fell far short of internationally recognized fair trade standards. Furthermore, production quality was low because of poor management at DCF-Gulmi. BC was investing substantial resources in helping the local community in Nepal, and the term "fair trade" had significant appeal to Korea's ethical consumer segment. The fact that BC was unable to guarantee that DCF-Gulmi was being managed according to a democratic governance system - a key requirement for fair trade certification - raised legitimacy concerns for BC. John had to decide whether to prioritize social or business considerations. If he decided to prioritize the business aspect of fair trade, he would need to replace the partner supplier with a fair-trade certified, democratically run organization with the management capability to provide high-quality coffee beans. If this path was chosen, BC would still make a positive contribution to the well-being of coffee farmers - somewhere else - but would not help DCF-Gulmi improve its current situation, leaving it worse off than it was before it partnered with BC. Alternatively, BC could maintain its relationship with DCF-Gulmi, deepening its commitment to helping the farmers' organization improve its quality management capability and comply with fair trade standards. But this would require a larger financial and human resource commitment to pay for the recruitment and training of personnel with the necessary expertise in organizational change, co-operative management, and capacity building. Students will discuss the moral and strategic issues surrounding these two choices.

In February 2017, the co-founders of Passion Connect were considering potential monetization strategies for their company. Passion Connect was an online platform based in Bangalore, India, that helped people identify, nurture, and live their passions. The company provided users with curated content, events, and connections related to their passions-from painting and music to travel and food. Passion Connect aimed to raise a Series A round of venture capital financing by the end of 2017. The co-founders had to find an effective monetization strategy before approaching potential investors. They had to consider both qualitative and quantitative outcomes for each strategy, the fit with the business's goals, and the impact on profitability, feasibility, and user experience.

Sheng Siong, one of the latest arrival of traditional grocers in the Singapore market, had been delivering better than average earnings. Why is this so? Would it be able to sustain its performance in an environment of intensifying competition, driven by new entrants and disruptive forces? What business adjustments does it need to make? Competitive advantages which had delivered in the past may be quickly eroded, and new ones need to be found, or current edges need to be sharpened.

This case is set in 2017, when Co Gia Tho, Chairman of the Board at Thien Long Group Corporation ("TLG"), a Vietnam-based manufacturer and supplier of writing instruments and stationery products, is considering further international expansion. While Vietnam already had over 65,000 points of sale across the country, the company is looking to grow stronger by developing overseas markets. Founded in 1981 as a small family business manufacturing ball-point pens, TLG had grown to become the top stationery manufacturer in Vietnam and a market leader in the region. By end-2016, the company had a market capitalisation of approximately VND 4,000 billion (US$176 million), and total revenue of VND 2,162 billion (US$95 million). Its products were being distributed to more than 50 countries across six continents. Export revenues accounted for nearly 15% of the group's total revenue, and had been growing at over 30% year-on-year for the past three years. And yet, it continued to be a challenging proposition. What could Co do to enhance TLG's reach overseas? Moreover, given the global megatrend of rapid digitisation which was causing headwinds for the growth of physical office supplies in the more developed countries, how best could it adapt its strategy in the face of the changing dynamics of this almost commoditised and highly fragmented stationery industry?

Written using public sources, this case uses Hewlett-Packard's (HP) purchase of Autonomy Corporation (Autonomy) to analyze the accounting treatment for the acquisition and subsequent goodwill impairment. While the case focuses on the accounting for mergers and acquisitions, it also provides for a variety of other discussion topics such as the effect of managerial incentives and CEO succession on accounting outcomes, managerial "spin" on disclosure of bad news, strategy in changing institutional environments, and financial reporting limitations of new economy firms with heavy investments in intangible assets. The case opens during the fall of 2011 (when HP purchased Autonomy). Some analysts applauded the shift in strategy that the Autonomy purchase signaled for HP. Others were unsure how Autonomy's cloud computing software fit HP's businesses. From there, events at HP suggested a sense of division and frustration between HP leadership, the board, and Autonomy executives. The board replaced HP CEO Leo Apotheker with Meg Whitman. For the next few quarters, Autonomy missed expected results, and by May 2012, HP removed Autonomy's CEO Michael Lynch. Shortly after, HP announced an impairment charge of $8.8 billion related to the Autonomy acquisition, driving the company to report a loss for the year, the first in 10 years. The HP disclosure emphasized the Autonomy acquisition (which occurred prior to Whitman's tenure as CEO) and accused Lynch and Autonomy executives of cooking the books to inflate the purchase price. However, analysis of the financial statements and related footnote disclosures reveal that this $8.8 billion was less than half the $18 billion total impairment that HP recorded in 2012.

In the lead-up to the United Nations' 2015 climate summit in Paris, excitement ran high and so did anxiety. Negotiators hoped for a new international agreement, the first such effort since the disappointing collapse of negotiations six years earlier in Copenhagen. But the text of the agreement was still subject to debate. This case focuses on the efforts of one mid-level participant in the process, Josefina Braña-Varela, policy director for Forests & Climate at WWF. Her focus: to try to ensure that forest protection received a specific mention in the Paris Agreement. Two years earlier, national delegates had added a set of rules and standards called the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) to the international climate regime. Under this framework, developing countries could qualify for payment in exchange for reducing deforestation or forest damage, or for introducing practices such as sustainable forest management. But participation in the program was entirely voluntary. It remained to be seen whether developed countries would provide enough funding to make it work, and whether developing countries would be willing to adopt policies to measure and reduce deforestation and forest degradation. In this context, Braña-Varela thought it crucial that the Paris Agreement send a signal that delegates viewed forest preservation not a side concern, but as an objective as critical as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. Some negotiators were leery of doing so, however, for an array of reasons. The case provides enough background for the reader to understand the tensions over this issue, then follows Braña-Varela, a one-time forest negotiator for Mexico, in her new role at WWF. The case shows the strategic choices of a respected, but not especially powerful, figure, as she tries to influence a complex international process. Case number 2118.0

In mid-2012, after successful years in large public companies and obtaining an MBA, middle daughter Jen, 32, is trying to decide whether the time is right for her to enter her mother and sister's small family business to grow it further. Destira, Inc. was a designer/manufacturer of gymnastics wear for girls, headquartered in California. Donna Levy founded the company in 1990, after years of making leotards for her three daughters, who were competitive youth gymnasts, and getting requests from other parents to make the garments for their own children. In 2005, when Donna's oldest daughter, Jodi, joined Destira, Donna gave her a 50 percent equity stake. Between then and year-end 2011, the pair grew the revenues from $550,000 to $1.06 million, increased the number of outlets carrying the brand, upgraded the internal accounting/operations software, and added an online direct-to-customer retail business. The case shows realistic considerations for the individual, family, and business when evaluating whether or not to commit to join the family enterprise.

Steinhoff International Holdings N.V. was a holding company, whose subsidiaries manufactured, distributed and sold furniture and household products. Steinhoff was widely known as a South African company because it first listed on the South African Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) and its global headquarters was in South Africa. However, Steinhoff went on to expand from distribution and manufacturing to retail businesses across 30 countries, employing over 130 thousand people. As its global revenues grew, especially in Europe, Steinhoff created a new holding company, Steinhoff International Holdings N.V. incorporated in the Netherlands and with a primary listing in Germany and secondary listing on the JSE. Steinhoff was soon mired in allegations and investigations of accounting misrepresentations, and came crashing on December 6, 2017 after admission of possible accounting irregularities. The case is set days after news broke out about the accounting irregularities and explores the decision of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) on whether to suspend the listing of Steinhoff's securities.

Wellington Global Impact is one of the first public equities impact investing strategies in the market. The case explores how the strategy was developed at Wellington, including an analysis of the culture that supported its development. It also explores the difficulty in marketing the strategy as a first-mover and the effort to demonstrate that investments can have both positive financial and social returns. Protagonists Eric Rice and Patrick Kent must find ways to show that it is possible to drive impact through a public markets vehicle and show the rigorous financial, impact, and ESG analysis that went into building the strategy. Students will gain exposure to concepts around firm strategy, portfolio construction, risk management, marketing, and impact investing.

The experience of being an entrepreneur was a childhood dream for Falguni Nayar. The opportunity to build Nykaa.com, a woman centered business, with a multi brand retail format in the beauty and wellness space , and the fact that she was doing it with her daughter Adwaita ( HBS MBA 2013) made it both exciting and meaningful. Still, she was the founder and with that came control over the most important decisions. While she sought advice from many people, Nykaa, like Adwaita, was her baby. How should she structure the organization and the team to best deliver the results she wanted?

The so-called "infrastructure finance gap" was a problem in Nigeria as in many parts of the world. Infrastructure projects like power plants and dams were very large capital investments that could generate long term consistent cash flows, but their financing and delivery involved multiple risks and uncertainties. If funds for infrastructure development came from traditional international sources like the World Bank or African Development Bank, those lenders would worry about foreign exchange, interest rates, and political risk and would almost always seek sovereign guarantees (payment guarantees from the federal government). Such assurances and guarantees were hard to come by, difficult to negotiate, and project inception could take decades. In this context could pension funds or private equity-type structures be viable alternative sources of financing for infrastructure? By 2017 Nigeria had reformed its pension administration system so that pension funds could both accept significant amounts of retirement funds from workers and, manage and invest those funds in a transparent and safe structure. One of the asset classes in addition to government bonds, equities, and corporate bonds that was authorized for investment by pension funds was infrastructure debt securities. Until recently, few Nigerian infrastructure securities had strong enough credit ratings to be investable by cautious pension funds. Infrastructure Credit Guarantee Company (InfraCredit) hoped to break that logjam by supporting infrastructure issues denominated in local currency with credit assurances taking the place of sovereign guarantees. Other entities took different approaches to raising capital for infrastructure in this market. Africa Plus Partners (Africa Plus), for example, proposed a fund structure with features of American private equity. It was not yet clear if this type of fund arrangement would be as attractive as debt for pension fund investors.

The case describes how 30-year old Freddy Macnamara (CEO) launched Cuvva, a start-up in the UK car insurance industry in 2014, which pioneered mobile-only car insurance via a pay-as-you-ride application. Initially targeted at drivers who wanted to drive someone else's car (Cuvva for Sharers), it then developed mobile-only insurance for owners willing to buy insurance only for the rare occasions that they used their cars (Cuvva for Owners). As the Cuvva model gains traction with customers, its impact is tracked by incumbents such as Admiral, that begin developing rival products. The case chronicles Cuvva's origins, milestones, and competitors in the UK car insurance industry up to early 2017, as well as explaining the economics of car insurance.

The case discusses different steps which Mastercard has followed in its digital transformation journey. They involve opportunity framing, creating innovation pathways, finding digital transformation opportunities, and innovation with partners within adaptive ecosystems. With the objective to stop competing with other payment processing firms (like Visa or Amex) and start competing with cash, Mastercard has moved from an undifferentiated processor of payments to a builder of unique technological platforms.