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In September 2015, Bartos Stainless Limited, an Indian steel-producing company that emerged as a strong brand in the mid-2000s, was facing a series of internal and external challenges: challenges from frequent changes at the chief-executive-officer level, fluctuating metal prices, the global slowdown of the steel industry, increasing competition from imports, and diminished investor confidence. The managing director needed to address these challenges and manage the risks of his business model, while maintaining profits.

AM-Pharma is a biotech company developing a medicine for patients with acute kidney injury. The case describes the company's journey from inception in 2001 to a large deal with Pfizer in 2015. The aim is to discuss the value creation of AM-Pharma through its strategic decisions over time. It highlights the patient journey, company challenges, market size potential, and how the management team was able to raise multiple financing rounds from venture capitalists. It further provides the readers with a unique insight in the key risks and operational challenges of a biotech company and the value of an experienced management team backed by strong investors. The drug development process is inherently risky, long and expensive and the probability of commercializing a new drug is very low. The company's CEO is the protagonist and the case is split in three parts to provide the readers with surprises and open strategic questions which are time related. The case is semi-chronologically and a patient story is intermingled to provide a different perspective on clinical trials, ethical dilemmas and the high unmet medical need for new therapies. The case ends with a valuation simulation, in which the readers can negotiate the AM-Pharma/Pfizer deal themselves. Learning objective: The aim of the case study is to evaluate the value creation of AM-Pharma strategic decisions over time. 1/ The strategy diamond and Porter's Five Forces will be applied as a tool for understanding the industry and the company's strategy. 2/ The key success factors are also assessed for this challenging setting of a biotech startup. 3/ Role of Serendipity and management vision in opening new doors. 4/ Different exit options are discussed, highlighting pros, cons and what actually happened. 5/ How clinical outcome, and exit timing highly impact the valuation. The case will trigger discussions on the strategic options listed, and engage the students into exit negotiations simulation.

Chocolate candy marketers like Mars, Nestlé, Hershey and Ferrero are under pressure to respond to the stricter nutritional targets set by governments, changing consumer tastes, and competition from healthier brands like Kind or Cliff. Should traditional chocolate makers reformulate their products with less sugar content (and if so, should they announce it)? Should they reduce portion or package sizes (and if so, should they reduce prices)? More generally, is obesity their responsibility? Is collaboration with competitors, researchers and advocacy groups the solution? How can they grow their business without contributing to the obesity epidemic? Please visit the https://cases.insead.edu/candy-crush/ dedicated case website to access supplementary material.

Clubb International Private Limited (Clubb) was a 26-year-old travel goods and accessories firm based in Kolkata, India. The owner believed in a complete ownership model. The firm had come a long way since its beginning and now had close to 200 product offerings. In March 2017, the owner's son (the second-generation director of Clubb) felt it was time to scale up the business and acquire a leadership position in the market. Clubb had at its core a legacy of innovation, quality, and a bootstrapping philosophy, but it might not be conducive to the new strategic vision. For the road ahead, the company needed a professional and streamlined product and retail strategy. Could the desired scale of operations be achieved with the complete ownership model and mantra of no advertising?

Rosslyn Resource identifies exploration targets (potential mineral deposits) in the mining industry and advances them until the project can be monetized, usually through sale to a larger mining company, in return for an upfront fee and a royalty on future revenues. Rosslyn has invested heavily in developing proprietary, innovative equipment and geological data sets that would make exploration cheaper and faster. Rosslyn must decide what to do with the Two Rivers site, for which a preliminary study shows favorable results. Rosslyn could follow its standard approach and sell Two Rivers, or it could move further down the value chain by developing an operational mine at the site (which would be a first for Rosslyn). The potential financial reward for doing so would be far higher, but this option entails higher risk and capital expenditures than Rosslyn is used to. This case can be used in advanced undergraduate, MBA, or executive-level courses.

In September 2016, Marriott completed its $13.3 billion acquisition of Starwood Hotels & Resorts, which added 11 brands to its already robust 19 hotel brand portfolio. Tina Edmundson, Marriott's global brand officer, was charged with making sense of the brand portfolio and designing a strategy that would clearly differentiate each brand from the others and a brand architecture system to communicate to consumers how to navigate among them. She would need to decide whether and how to prune brands from the portfolio, whether and how to combine brands through dual-branding and or sub-branding strategies, and whether, where, and how to use the Marriott parent brand to endorse the remaining brands.

In the spring of 2016, Mira Mehta (HBS'14), faced a difficult decision. Following a successful Kickstarter campaign, and winning the second place in the HBS New Venture Competition-Social Enterprise Track, she had moved to Northern Nigeria, where she founded the tomato paste company Tomato Jos. Though her brand had gained traction, however, she had, in the face of endless foreseen and unforeseen obstacles, yet to produce any actual paste. As the Nigerian government pondered new tariffs to protect local alternatives against the competition of ostensibly cheap and low-quality "killer tomato paste," Mehta considered a job offer from a major agricultural company that would secure her financially, but at the cost of her independence, and, perhaps, of her dreams.

During the summer of 2014, Alan Knight, General Manager of Corporate Responsibility at the integrated steel and mining company ArcelorMittal, observed the unfolding of an Ebola epidemic in Liberia and other countries in West Africa with great concern. On the one hand was the sheer tragedy of the calamity that struck the poverty-stricken country, recently emerged from a long and painful civil war; on the other, the fact that ArcelorMittal's mining concession in Liberia was a crucial part of the company's business going forward. How was ArcelorMittal to face the mounting crisis? What response did it owe its employees? Its shareholders? Its stakeholders? Given the low state capacity in Liberia, ArcelorMittal helped organize a private sector response to the crisis, and, as a pandemic finally was averted, he wondered what lessons to draw from the experience.

Juliette is a young entrepreneur, and she has the idea of starting two lemonade stands for the upcoming summer and getting her younger brothers to work them. The businesses must plan for launch, operate during the season, then determine financial performance and key metrics to assess success. Which brother did a better job managing the business? The case introduces key accounting and financial statement and performance measures in an intuitive way, is interactive and engaging, and can be used with a variety of audiences, as discussion can span from basic financial statement construction and analysis to more complex issues around accrual accounting, revenue recognition, cash flow timing, and the interaction among financial statements.

This case examines Blue Haven Initiative (BHI), an impact investing fund and family office, and one of its investments, PEGAfrica (PEG). BHI founder Liesel Pritzker Simmons' motivations for using her family wealth to start a family office focused on impact investing, as well as BHI's approach and strategy, including direct and indirect investments, fund manager selection, total returns, sourcing and due diligence of direct investments, and other aspects. The case explores a specific investment decision in depth. In May 2017, Pritzker Simmons and BHI Director of Private Investments Lauren Cochran were considering whether to invest an additional $1 million in PEG's upcoming $5 million Series B round, at a $20 million pre-money valuation. PEG offered pay-as-you-go (PAYG) financing plans that allowed customers to make small payments via mobile money to pay off financing for the solar equipment over time. The case details PEG's business model, growth strategy, financial structure, and the landscape of investment capital in West Africa during the time of the case.

Mark Bertolini, chairman and CEO of the health insurer Aetna, faces a number of questions as he seeks to transform Aetna from a classic insurance company, into a business that will engage much more deeply with its members around their personal health goals. His strategy depends on Aetna's ability to facilitate behavioral changes amongst its members to live healthier lives, and requires very significant investments in digital capabilities and on the ground community orientated health care resources. Will it work? Can he implement it? The case explores both the strategic issues inherent in this potential transformation and the organizational and leadership questions that it raises. Bertolini is a highly purpose driven leader, and the case allows for a rich discussion of the degree to which this changes both his strategic and his organizational options.

In late 2015, the executive vice-president and chief financial officer of Fortis, Inc., a homegrown energy delivery company based in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, was preparing to meet with the company's leadership committee. On the agenda was whether Fortis should make an offer to acquire ITC Holdings Corporation, the largest independent transmission utility in the United States. Fortis had a proven track record of acquiring regulated utilities, and if the ITC deal went ahead, it would mark Fortis's most significant acquisition in its history. Should Fortis move ahead with the acquisition, or was taking on ITC too big a risk?

In 2011, Cairo became the cradle of the Egyptian revolution. Transport workers, ambulance drivers and bank employees called for the end of President Hosni Mubarak's regime. With a backdrop of volatility, Commercial International Bank (CIB), Egypt's leading private bank, embarked on a major transformation. Hisham Ezz-El Arab, Chairman of CIB, placed customers, employees and shareholders at the heart of everything: his decision to invest in turbulent times went against conventional wisdom. In 2015, he hired Islam Zekry as chief data officer (CDO) to lead a new decision-making support unit. Trust was central. In the Arab region, leaders have power but they must also consult. Data transformation became the main pillar of the bank's strategy, but Zekry's team faced obstacles. The data geek squad proposed changes ranging from product offerings to advances in blockchain. In July 2017, CIB was named the 'World's Best Bank in the Emerging Markets' by Euromoney. Still, its challenges were unmatched. More Egyptians were unbanked than banked and the country was dealing with an ailing tourism sector and soaring inflation. The bank's future success would rely on the combination of data analytics, human capital, leadership and a culture of openness.

In summer and fall of 2014, thousands of individuals in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea contracted the Ebola virus. This outbreak of the deadly disease, which until then had been highly uncommon in West Africa, prompted a major (albeit delayed) public health response on the part of the international community, including an unprecedented commitment made by the United States, which sent almost 3,000 active military soldiers to Liberia. "Mission in Flux" focuses on the US military's role in the Ebola response, emphasizing the Michigan National Guard's eventual involvement. In particular, it provides readers with a first-hand account of the challenges the Michigan Guard faced as it prepared for and then deployed to Liberia, just as the crisis had begun to abate and federal officials in Washington began considering how to redefine the mission and footprint of Ebola-relief in West Africa. Case number 2107.0

In the year 2016, after more than a decade of loss-making, Air India posted an operating profit of INR 1.05 billion. Over the years, Air India's greatest problem has been its crippling debt. At the end of fiscal 2014-15, the airline had a total debt of INR 513.67 billion. While the airline managed to phase out more than INR 50 billion of debt from its books during the year 2015-16, its total debt still stood at INR 460 billion. In order to facilitate the revival of Air India, Ashwani Lohani, known as the "turnaround man", was appointed Chairman and Managing Director of Air India. As Lohani piloted Air India towards revival, efforts were being made to convert INR 100 billion of Air India's debt into equity, a move that would substantially reduce its interest burden and give banks a major say in its functioning. Lohani was in talks with banks and investors who could play a critical role in Air India's debt restructuring. Lohani mulled over the various options related to debt restructuring. It remained to be seen whether Lohani's image as the "turnaround man" coupled with Air India's operating profits would increase investor confidence and help Air India deal with its debt burden. While Air India's modest operating profit was good news, it remained to be seen if it could provide relief to the sick airline's actual financials. It also remained to be seen whether Lohani's attempts at improving employee relations with the organization and the operational changes he was introducing to Air India could help turn the tide for the ailing airline. As of July, 2017, two questions remained: Had Air India really turned the corner under Lohani's leadership? Could Air India's short-term progress help it to overcome the huge debt that had become the "elephant in the room"?

The COO for Sonvilier Pen, an elite manufacturer of high-quality ballpoint and fountain pens, had gotten a proposal to outsource two pen components to Li Manufacturing, a specialist in the molding and production of intricate metals, located in southeastern China. The proposal was intriguing, but there were a number of factors for the COO to consider before making a decision.

In the #MeToo era, allegations of sexual assault and sexual misconduct pose difficult issues for employers, particularly when allegations surface about incidents that occurred prior to an employee's term at the company. This case, fictionalized but based on real events, centers on the challenge that the founder of a biotech company faces when he receives an email alleging that a new employee (male) raped an acquaintance prior to joining his firm. This case brings up questions of how to deal with the person lodging the allegation, the employee concerned, other employees who become aware of the allegation, police, human resources and legal players.