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This module reading begins by describing the three sources of strategic risk - operations risk, asset impairment risk, and competitive risk - and demonstrates how these risks can undermine an entire business. To assist in the identification of these risks, the risk exposure calculator is introduced as a diagnostic tool to assess the pressures created by growth, culture, and information management. Finally, the dangerous triad of pressure, opportunity, and rationalization is discussed and analyzed to understand the conditions under which employees may be tempted to engage in misrepresentation and fraud. While this module is designed to be used alone, it is part of the Strategy Execution series. Taken together, the series forms a complete course that teaches the latest techniques for using performance measurement and control systems to implement strategy. Modules 1 - 4 set out the foundations for strategy implementation. Modules 5 - 10 teach quantitative tools for performance measurement and control. Modules 11 - 15 illustrate the use of these techniques by managers to achieve profit goals and strategies. View the full Strategy Execution series at: hbsp.harvard.edu/strategy-execution.

This module reading shows how to link profit plans and other performance measurement systems to both internal and external markets. Starting with the transfer of goods and services within a firm, the module discusses the different methods of designing transfer pricing systems, the effects of these methods on the profitability of the divisions involved, and explains the trade-offs among transfer pricing policies. Next, the module focuses on the linkage between internal business operations and external markets including capital markets, customer markets, and supplier markets. The discussion illustrates how managers use accounting-based tools such as profit plans, ROE measures, and residual income measures such as EVA to communicate with these markets. While this module is designed to be used alone, it is part of the Strategy Execution series. Taken together, the series forms a complete course that teaches the latest techniques for using performance measurement and control systems to implement strategy. Modules 1 - 4 set out the foundations for strategy implementation. Modules 5 - 10 teach quantitative tools for performance measurement and control. Modules 11 - 15 illustrate the use of these techniques by managers to achieve profit goals and strategies. View the full Strategy Execution series at: hbsp.harvard.edu/strategy-execution.

This module reading introduces diagnostic and interactive control systems. Diagnostic control systems are the management-by-exception systems that managers use to monitor the achievement of their business strategy. Interactive control systems are the systems that top managers use to focus the organization on strategic uncertainties. Diagnostic control systems and interactive control systems work together to ensure the implementation of today's strategy and, at the same time, allow the organization to position itself for tomorrow. The module discusses how managers choose which interactive system to use and explores the risks that are introduced through the use of these performance measurement and control systems. While this module is designed to be used alone, it is part of the Strategy Execution series. Taken together, the series forms a complete course that teaches the latest techniques for using performance measurement and control systems to implement strategy. Modules 1 - 4 set out the foundations for strategy implementation. Modules 5 - 10 teach quantitative tools for performance measurement and control. Modules 11 - 15 illustrate the use of these techniques by managers to achieve profit goals and strategies. View the full Strategy Execution series at: hbsp.harvard.edu/strategy-execution.

This module reading explains how managers use performance goals and incentives to ensure that employee actions align with the overall business strategy of the organization. The module begins by discussing how managers use goals to communicate business strategy, the importance of targets and benchmarks for motivation, and the multiple purposes for which goals are used, including planning, coordination, motivation, and evaluation. Three tests are offered to evaluate the effectiveness of performance goals: alignment with strategy, measurability, and linkage to economic value creation. The discussion then turns to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and examines short-term incentives such as bonuses and recognition as well as long-term incentives such as deferred payments and stock options. Because performance goals and incentives define success (and failure) for individuals, this module also explores the interaction of goals and incentives with human behavior. While this module is designed to be used alone, it is part of the Strategy Execution series. Taken together, the series forms a complete course that teaches the latest techniques for using performance measurement and control systems to implement strategy. Modules 1 - 4 set out the foundations for strategy implementation. Modules 5 - 10 teach quantitative tools for performance measurement and control. Modules 11 - 15 illustrate the use of these techniques by managers to achieve profit goals and strategies. View the full Strategy Execution series at: hbsp.harvard.edu/strategy-execution.

This module reading explains how to construct a strategy map and build a balanced scorecard. Using an internal value chain model, the module illustrates how a balanced scorecard can support and enable customer management, innovation, operations, and post-sale service processes. The analysis provides details on how to design performance indicators to monitor financial goals, customer goals, internal process goals, and learning and growth goals. The module discusses how these measures provide a comprehensive set of tools for monitoring strategy execution. The module concludes by discussing how to assign accountability for balanced scorecard measures to individual managers to ensure focus and alignment throughout the organization. While this module is designed to be used alone, it is part of the Strategy Execution series. Taken together, the series forms a complete course that teaches the latest techniques for using performance measurement and control systems to implement strategy. Modules 1 - 4 set out the foundations for strategy implementation. Modules 5 - 10 teach quantitative tools for performance measurement and control. Modules 11 - 15 illustrate the use of these techniques by managers to achieve profit goals and strategies. View the full Strategy Execution series at: hbsp.harvard.edu/strategy-execution.

This technical note presents various working capital ratios from 2012 through 2015 by industry and for some well-known companies.

This technical note provides an overview of Financial Management. It is intended as a note to accompany the opening session of a case-based course in corporate finance or financial management, as a way of orienting students as to what they should expect and not expect from such a course.

In 2016, the millennial generation (those age 19 to 35 in 2016), the largest generation by population in the U.S., was entering its prime home buying, family forming, earning and spending years. This generation was showing different beliefs and behaviors than previous generations-beliefs and behaviors that were having a significant impact on the overall economy and in particular on the food industry. This note explores the millennial generation, how it differs from previous generations, and examples of how it is impacting the food industry.

This module reading provides tools and analyses for acquiring and allocating resources. The module begins by reviewing the importance of setting strategic boundaries as a basis for asset acquisitions. Next, a distinction is made between new assets acquired to meet regulatory requirements, those acquired to enhance operational efficiency and/or increase revenue, and assets acquired to enhance competitive effectiveness. Different techniques are required for analyzing these different categories of assets ranging from traditional cash flow and rate of return analyses to strategic analysis focusing distinctive capabilities, alignment with strategic initiatives, and the risk of deciding not to acquire the asset. Most importantly, this module demonstrates how asset allocation fits into and supports a business's overall strategy. While this module is designed to be used alone, it is part of the Strategy Execution series. Taken together, the series forms a complete course that teaches the latest techniques for using performance measurement and control systems to implement strategy. Modules 1 - 4 set out the foundations for strategy implementation. Modules 5 - 10 teach quantitative tools for performance measurement and control. Modules 11 - 15 illustrate the use of these techniques by managers to achieve profit goals and strategies. View the full Strategy Execution series at: hbsp.harvard.edu/strategy-execution.

The purpose of this note is threefold. First to provide a short historical background to the development of the notions of universal mind and related concepts in Aikido and Ki Aikido. Second, to provide an even briefer critique of certain efforts to apply ideas from Aikido and Ki Aikido to issues concerning everyday life, management, and leadership. And finally, to examine a set of critical concepts, or principles, which aim to provide a more practical, real-world understanding of universal mind.

The note provides documentation of a process simulation model that was prepared to simulate the invoicing work of 16 accounts payable analysts described in the case "Accounts Payable at Rockwell Collins" written by Professor Philip C. Jones, Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa.

In 2015, the U.S. health-club industry generated revenues of $25.8 billion, up from $14.8 billion in 2004. Members of health clubs accounted for 17% of the population, up from 14%. The number of clubs had grown from 26,830 in 2004 to 36,180. In the process, the list of leading chains had changed significantly. While a higher proportion of Americans exercised on any given day, the majority still did not, and the average number of hours exercised had remained essentially flat. Meanwhile, the prevalence of people classified as overweight and obese had grown from 66.3% to 70.2%. A slowdown in growth and other challenges that the health-club industry had faced since 2004 meant that investors were more careful with their money. The steady rise of LA Fitness to industry leadership with a 7% market share suggested that there were still opportunities for consolidation. However, some observers argued that the industry would always be fragmented-it was simply too easy to enter. Another key debate concerned how best to position in an industry where new formats and business models proliferated. The sector had attracted a great deal of private equity in the past. Would it prove a good opportunity for investors in future?

This module reading demonstrates how to calculate and analyze the profit generated by different business strategies. Formulas and examples are provided to calculate profit generated by changes in market share, revenue growth, efficiency improvements, and support costs. The discussion illustrates how managers can use this information to unlock insights about competitive effectiveness and operating efficiencies, test their profit plan assumptions, and validate their business strategy. The module also discusses how strategic profitability analysis can be used for early warning and corrective action, performance evaluation, and strategic learning. With this information in hand, managers can redesign organizational processes or adjust the business strategy to take advantage of changes in competitive markets. While this module is designed to be used alone, it is part of the Strategy Execution series. Taken together, the series forms a complete course that teaches the latest techniques for using performance measurement and control systems to implement strategy. Modules 1 - 4 set out the foundations for strategy implementation. Modules 5 - 10 teach quantitative tools for performance measurement and control. Modules 11 - 15 illustrate the use of these techniques by managers to achieve profit goals and strategies. View the full Strategy Execution series at: hbsp.harvard.edu/strategy-execution.

The Cost Variance Analysis note was written to provide students with fundamental concepts and methods for the analysis of cost variances. This note focuses on the decomposition of cost variances into price, quantity and mix variance components, an approach that allows students to identify the root causes of differences between expected and actual costs.

This module reading describes how to build a profit plan to reflect the strategy of a business in economic terms. After introducing the profit wheel, cash wheel, and ROE wheel, the module illustrates how to use a profit plan to assess the viability of different strategies and evaluate whether sufficient resources will be available to implement the chosen strategy. The module examines in detail how to develop accurate estimates for sales, profit, cash flow, asset turnover, investment in new assets, and return on equity. The discussion then turns to how to gather and analyze data and the effects of sensitivity analysis on predictions. The module concludes by illustrating the critical role of a profit plan in setting goals, communicating expectations to the investment community, and evaluating the performance of individual managers and businesses. While this module is designed to be used alone, it is part of the Strategy Execution series. Taken together, the series forms a complete course that teaches the latest techniques for using performance measurement and control systems to implement strategy. Modules 1 - 4 set out the foundations for strategy implementation. Modules 5 - 10 teach quantitative tools for performance measurement and control. Modules 11 - 15 illustrate the use of these techniques by managers to achieve profit goals and strategies. View the full Strategy Execution series at: hbsp.harvard.edu/strategy-execution.

This note introduces key managerial issues in new product development. It describes the product development funnel and alternative approaches to structuring product development teams including functional, lightweight, heavyweight, and autonomous/dedicated teams, which vary in their capacity to manage integration. More formal product development approaches including the stage-gate process and critical-path method are described, as are agile methods and principles-and related tools such as scrum, extreme programming, feature-driven development. Product development metrics including lead time, capacity, and productivity are defined and discussed.

This module reading explores the implications of different business models on organization design. After discussing the distinction between units focused on work processes and those devoted to markets, the analysis provides insight as to when to organize businesses by function, geography, products, customers, or expert knowledge. The analysis highlights the difference between operating core units designed for efficiency and market-facing units designed for responsiveness. Span of control and span of accountability are introduced as key concepts to direct organizational attention and ensure the effective execution of strategy. While this module is designed to be used alone, it is part of the Strategy Execution series. Taken together, the series forms a complete course that teaches the latest techniques for using performance measurement and control systems to implement strategy. Modules 1 - 4 set out the foundations for strategy implementation. Modules 5 - 10 teach quantitative tools for performance measurement and control. Modules 11 - 15 illustrate the use of these techniques by managers to achieve profit goals and strategies. View the full Strategy Execution series at: hbsp.harvard.edu/strategy-execution.

A technical note on the state of Chinese commercial real estate and the effects of China's slowing growth. This note was written in conjunction with the case study "SOHO China: Transformation in Progress."

This historically-focused teaching note highlights the role of African American Labor Leaders in both the Labor Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. In doing so, it attempts to both highlight these noteworthy individuals, and demonstrate the innate connection between the labor and civil rights movements.