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The Paris Agreement, which came into force on November 4, 2016, applied to Hong Kong, where Kam Sing Wong had been secretary for the environment of the HKSARG since July 2012. Wong wanted every business sector and household to embark on a new low carbon journey through cleaner energy, energy conservation, and green commuting and to nurture a "use less, waste less" culture. On June 8, 2022, Wong had to announce an increase in the charge Hong Kong shoppers paid to retailers for each plastic shopping bag they used, which was currently set at HK$0.50 (US$0.06). Even if Wong doubled the amount to HK$1.00, this would still be a small amount in absolute terms. What messages would be necessary in order to communicate to people the importance of using less plastic? Wong had to make a big decision about how much of a change to make to this small amount of HK$0.50. A small change in the actions of each citizen of Hong Kong could potentially be amplified into a large amount of absolute waste reduction.

Coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic, Moderna was riding the successes of developing a vaccine in record time and helping stem the tide of the crisis. However, the company had grown at an incredible rate, more than doubled its number of employees, and had to put on hold desired projects to push the company to continue to innovate and push the boundaries as a digital-first biotech company. The retirement of CTO and Moderna's digital architect, Marcello Damiano, prompted the company to reevaluate how best to proceed. The choice for who would replace him loomed large over many aspects of the company's strategy moving forward, and could potentially reshape its future.

The founders of Dutch professional services firm Schuberg Philis, and the new leadership team entrusted with the day-to-day management, must set the path forward in 2019. The company has grown into a €70 million revenue strong IT provider with top ranks in the industry's yearly customer satisfaction surveys, yet its journey has not been without bumps. In 2010, it had to stop customer acquisition for a few years, as mounting workload and their 100% commitment to satisfy customers put too much pressure on its teams. Despite adjustments to its culture with more focus on employees as well as customers, tensions built up again during the next growth phase, leading to a reorganization with leadership handover in 2017 to become more scalable. Two years later, the founders and their management team now have to decide if their organization is ready for another ambitious growth plan, aiming for a 5-fold growth in staff and revenues by 2025.

The case describes the relaunch of the popular bubble tea franchise Gong Cha in Singapore in December 2017. This was seven months after its 80 outlets were converted, within a week, into a new chain named LiHO TEA by the former Gong Cha franchisee. Kang Puay Seng, the new franchisee, had the advantage of a large loyal customer base waiting for Gong Cha's return, but also faced the challenge of balancing the expectations of the existing base of Gong Cha loyalists with the changes occurring in the fast-changing bubble tea market. In addition, he had to find new locations in an increasingly competitive market in which mall owners were now allowing multiple bubble tea brands to operate in the same mall. The COVID-19 crisis in 2020-21 was another shock that the franchise had to adapt to, especially during a two-month lockdown period. In 2022, five years after the relaunch, the bubble tea market seemed to continue attracting new entrants, with over 60 brands operating in Singapore. The case describes innovations in menu additions, retail format, and service model that have kept the Gong Cha brand popular in a competitive market. The challenge ahead is to continue to innovate as the bubble tea market would likely consolidate in the years to come.

In November 2018, Dell Technologies was poised to re-enter the public markets by means of a complex recapitalization that would replace an entire class of publicly-traded "tracking stock," with new shares that would trade publicly without the need of a formal IPO. The tracking stock was meant to track the value of the publicly traded shares of the software company VMware, but from the outset had traded at a significant discount, sparking intense criticism from analysts and shareholders, including Carl Icahn. In July 2018 the company announced the recapitalization, in which tracking stock holders could exchange their shares for new Dell shares or cash worth $109 a share. Dell had subsequently increased its offer to $120 a share. While Icahn and other large shareholders responded favorably to the new offer, a group of shareholders filed a class action lawsuit against Dell, alleging the offer was "financially unfair and coercive," and that Dell's directors had breached their fiduciary duties to tracking stock holders.

In June 2020, the owner and director of UnityCars Pvt. Limited (UnityCars), a car rental company in Melbourne, Australia, was reviewing his fleet of vehicles and the company's operation over the previous few months. The COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdowns had a negative and severe impact on UnityCars' revenues. The company had expanded rapidly in previous years, becoming highly leveraged, which made it more vulnerable to negative shocks. A sharp reduction in revenues, high expenditures, and the combination of these with the uncertainty of the macro environment had posed a serious threat to the survival of UnityCars. The owner wanted to forecast the company's operating cash flow and decide whether he should borrow or reorganize the fleet to meet his liquidity needs.

Founded in 1964, Brøndby IF (BIF) was a professional Danish football club located in Brøndbyvester, in the capital region of Denmark, and had won eleven Danish championship titles. In 2015, BIF embarked on a journey of incorporating sports data into its organization and building its sports analytics capabilities. By the end of 2022, sports data had become an integral component of the club's activities and had enabled BIF to establish itself as a leader in sports analytics in Northern European football. However, BIF and its analytics capabilities were contending with the ever-changing landscape of modern sports characterized by rapid digitalization and internationalization.

Often organizations need to apologize for a situation caused by a poor decision or by the actions of one of their employees. There are also times when individuals need to make a public apology about something they have said or done. This case gives students an opportunity to put themselves in the place of Lara Spencer, co-host of Good Morning America, apologizing for comments she made in 2019 about the United Kingdom's Prince George and his grade school curriculum, which included computer programming, religious studies, poetry, and ballet. Critics quickly called Spencer to task for making light of boys and men who dance.

The "Moral Complexity in Leadership" series of cases and teaching notes help business instructors harness the power of fiction to prepare students for the moral and ethical dilemmas they will face throughout their careers. Meaningful fiction challenges students intellectually and emotionally; it reveals the inner worlds of human players and enables learning that can be difficult to access through case studies, commentary, or reporting. Through literature, students will wrestle with the kinds of problems they will face as leaders looking to make courageous decisions aligned with their moral codes. The works in this series represent a wide range of settings, viewpoints, and cultural frameworks; the characters are complex and contradictory, and the systems within which they operate (whether family, organizational, or cultural) influence them in varied ways. They have been taught to executive, full- and part-time MBA student audiences for many years. The series aims to increase students' understanding of moral frameworks and enhance their skills in facilitating and participating in healthy and productive dialogue about complex and provocative issues. This installment of the series, "Hubris, and Humility," examines the great ancient Greek tragedian Sophocles's play Antigone, about a young Theban princess's defiance of the state-personified in her uncle, Creon, the king of Thebes-in her struggle to bury with honor her brother who was slain in a civil war. Antigone is loyal to her brother and shows courage in speaking up for him; Creon cannot understand why anyone would make such an emotional decision. Antigone s story warns organizational leaders that hubris can drive them to simplistic solutions when situations demand an appreciation of complexity, moral humility, and thoughtfulness. From Creon, leaders witness the-in this instance, dire-consequences of ignoring input from multiple points of view, especially when others' perspectives are uncomfortable or inconvenient.

The UMass Memorial Health Care (UMMHC or UMass) case is an examination of the impact of crisis or high uncertainty events on organizations. As a global pandemic unfolds, the case examines the ways in which UMMHC manages crisis and poses questions around organizational change and opportunity for growth after such major events. The case begins with a background of UMMHC, including problems the organization was up against before the pandemic, then transitions to the impact of crisis on UMMHC operations and its subsequent response, and concludes with challenges that the organization must grapple with in the months and years ahead. A crisis event can occur at any time for any organization. Organizational leaders must learn to manage stakeholders both inside and outside the organization throughout the duration of crisis and beyond. Additionally, organizational decision-makers must learn how to deal with existing weaknesses and problems the organization had before crisis took center stage, balancing those challenges with the need to respond to an emergency all the while not neglecting major existing problem points. This case is well-suited for courses on strategy determination and implementation, organizational behavior, and leadership.

The case documents Fu Sheng Gardening, a Taiwanese flower company that transformed from a wholesaler to a retailer, facing challenges and opportunities. The case suits undergraduate and graduate students taking Operations and Supply Chain Management courses. To answer the case questions, students should apply knowledge in global supply chains, perishable goods, sustainability, e-commerce, supply chain risk, dual-channel supply chains, and transportation. The case can be used for an independent discussion session of 90 minutes to integrate students' learning.

Franck-Erik Flegbo and Cyril Le Terrien were already successful executives in a major multinational when they decided that it was time to dream, and to build their own company, with a culture that delivered performance, created a culture where everyone wanted to work, used the latest technologies, and did its part to save the planet. The opportunity to acquire 40-year-old Drinkotec came to them, and with it, they saw the vehicle for their dreams

Wat-a-Burger, a quick service restaurant chain, was incorporated by Rajat Jaiswal and Farman Beig on February 14, 2016. Their burgers, customized to suit the Indian palate, were their unique selling proposition. As envisioned by the founders, from 2016 to 2019 the brand quickly expanded and grew to over 60 outlets in 21 cities and 11 states. In mid-2019, they formulated a plan to expand to 150 outlets and aimed to serve more than 25,000 orders per day by mid-July 2021. The company was in general growing according to the founders' plan until the COVID-19 pandemic hit India and the lockdown was imposed in March 2020. The COVID-19 crisis caused a Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous (VUCA) environment. Due to multiple waves of the pandemic, lockdowns, and the associated government regulations, the revenue of the company in the financial year 2020-21 declined by almost 56% relative to that in FY 2019-20. The following questions troubled the founders: Adopt an aggressive expansion strategy as initially envisaged or go slow and survive the VUCA environment for now? See the VUCA environment as an opportunity? How can a win-win value proposition be created at this point so that potential partners continue to get added to the network?

The case documents the challenges of Priya Nadkarni and Digvijay Singh, the cofounders of Mrida Education and Welfare Society (MEWS). Recognizing the need for intervention at a much early stage of learning to alter the mindset and nurture a love for learning, the duo established the Riverside Natural School (RNS) under MEWS in 2016. RNS introduced innovative teaching models drawing on the tribal children's innate cultural capital and core strengths by integrating sports, computers, robotics, and other new-age technologies with the conventional formal education curriculum. The aim was to make the tribal children of the Mandla district in Madhya Pradesh develop a love for learning, gain worldly exposure, develop higher aspirations to become education-oriented, and thus be ready to take up jobs without any inhibitions. In this process, they identified the inherent socioeconomic issues and started addressing them. The program started showing results, beneficiaries grew in number, and outcomes improved.Also, public and private partnerships started building up for MEWS. What started with pre-primary to class four expanded to offer the program up to class seven. As children at the RNS started progressing to higher classes, Nadkarni and Singh felt the need to transition to a fully residential higher secondary school. This warranted extensive investment in infrastructure. With a nearly fully subsidized service model and reliance on donations, predominantly from individuals, Mrida had to mobilize funds for its expansion. In addition to funding, Nadkarni and Singh stared at a formidable human resources (HR) challenge compounded by the project's non-profit nature and geographic location.

Special trains are unscheduled trains run to meet the unexpected surge in demand during holidays and festive seasons, which is generally difficult to predict. Special trains were therefore allocated at SCR using rule-based processes, resulting in suboptimal revenues and occupancy rates. This case presents a data-driven approach to schedule special trains based on passenger waitlist data and application of statistical techniques.

Incubated by two engineering students from the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai. After several pivots, the company focused on home appliances, specifically ceiling fans. The fan-related journey began in 2016 as a Business -to-Business business (B2B) venture, but soon, the company focused on the larger consumer market. In a very short span, it had grown to a revenue run rate of US$80 million in annual revenues by 2022. At the same time, it faced many challenges. To begin with, the company's marketing efforts were mainly through digital channels. 25% of Atomberg's sales were made through online channels, far higher than the industry average of approximately 10%. However, to scale its ceiling fan business to the next level, the company needed to grow its share in the offline market dominated by regional distributors and retailers. While e-commerce will continue to grow, companies such as Atomberg need to have a multi-channel strategy in the short run. They need to focus their marketing and brand-building activities through digital channels and synchronize these with in-store promotions. The case follows the life of a young and successful start-up that pivoted its business model multiple times to reach its current size but needed fresh thinking on its marketing strategy to scale to the next level.

Cashify, a start-up incorporated in 2013, is a reverse commerce (re-commerce) company in India with first-mover advantage in the re-commerce of electronic goods. In its contribution to the circular economy (CE), it claims to handle 100,000 used smart phones a month and plans to grow the figure to 200,000 by 2023. The company contributes to the CE by adding value to used electronic devices, particularly smart phones, and extending their lifespans. This ensures that products enter into repeat economic transactions before finding their way to landfills. However, the re-commerce model that gave Cashify a competitive edge became obsolete in 2022 because of emerging competition that leveraged technological advancements to create value in the sector. The company's founders now find themselves facing difficult questions: Should they include new electronic products in their portfolio? In 2022, after two years of COVID-19-related impacts on the economy, overall circular growth was slipping, as consumers preferred to buy new products instead of recycled, refurbished, and reused goods. Can consumers be incentivized to return to the CE and appreciate the value of remodelled goods? Should the company diversify into new products entirely, including automobiles, home appliances, textiles, apparel, and plastic packaging?

The mission of Fairphone, an Amsterdam, Netherlands-based social enterprise company, was to design, produce, and sell smartphones that had a more positive impact on the environment and society. Fairphone was rated as the most sustainable smartphone in 2021 and was considered as a champion for the circular economy in the smartphone industry. Since 2018, Fairphone had been headed by Eva Gouwens. Under Gouwens's leadership, Fairphone had more than doubled sales between 2018 and 2019. Sales were an important measure of impact for Fairphone and a driver for much of its strategy. In 2021, Fairphone announced a distribution agreement with Vodafone Group plc, the launch of a new flagship phone, and expanded recycling services. Fairphone now wanted to consider how to rapidly scale its impact in 2022 and beyond, and determine how it could increase sales. Should it consider new markets or new offerings? Or should Gouwens shift Fairphone's focus from sales to some other strategic goal?

In the landscape of low carbon sources of energy, nuclear power stands out as an option that has generated increasing attention and capital investment. Since 2001, nuclear energy production has been in decline, though Clean Core Thorium Energy, led by Mehul Shah, is one of the companies that is bringing nuclear back to the forefront. Founded in 2017, Clean Core is a nascent player in an industry that has a poor reputation among investors. As Shah and his team think about building out the business, they must consider not only the typical competitive pressures of creating a new company but also the unique challenges of nuclear power - safety, waste management, and cost overruns among them. On top of all this, in the wake of the Russia-Ukraine War, more conversations are happening than ever before about reducing the dependence on imported natural gas.

In this short vignette on ethics in consulting, Daniel Lee, a new Associate assigned to work with an important client executive, must decide whether to report the executive's behavior toward his team. Though the executive's style seems harsh and intimidating toward his staff, Lee questions his responsibility as an outsider. Though a Partner on his team advises him to do nothing, he still feels uneasy about letting the matter go.