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This case series describes the decision of King's Flair International (KFI) on whether to venture into the nanofiber business. KFI grew from an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in the kitchenware and household products market to a successful pioneer in developing and implementing a "virtual manufacturing system" led by the company founder, Alex Wong, with his adventurous and entrepreneurial personality. KFI's innovative product design and engineering, along with its celebrated virtual manufacturing (VM) system, enabled it to enjoy steady growth over three decades starting in 1989, and it was listed in 2015 on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. As Wong constantly challenged the company's status quo, he became aware of nanofiber material and its potential. However, he also knew that the nature of the nanofiber business was very different compared to KFI's existing business-a dilemma emerged. In case (A), students will assume the role of the Founder and CEO of KFI and decide whether the company should venture into the nanofiber business. During the process, students will gain insights into how the founder grew KFI by developing and managing its core competencies, and in particular how the virtual manufacturing system played a pivotal role in realizing KFI's core competencies. In case (B), students will take the role of Gigi Wong, Executive Director of the company and the Founder's daughter, to decide how the nanofiber business could be implemented in KFI.

Raymond Green, Chief Researcher at Amber Global, a global energy think tank, believes that climate change could be slowed by consumers switching to electric vehicles (EVs). He analyses the lithium-ion (li-ion) battery industry's origins and its ascendance to an ecosystem that encompasses diverse actors such as lead firms (key li-ion battery manufacturers), upstream suppliers of raw and processed minerals, and downstream complementors of battery management system (BMS) providers and charging stations. In particular, governments play integral roles as members of the li-ion battery ecosystem in which their unique ties with lead firms have led to the rise of diverse ecosystems across the countries of Japan, South Korea, and China. Consequently, the government and lead firms co-lead and also co-develop the specific li-ion battery ecosystem to align the set of multilateral actors to materialise the value proposition of high-energy and low-cost li-ion batteries for the end-user. How has the emphasis of the different governments influenced the rise of the diverse li-ion battery ecosystems and therefore, the alignment of the diverse actors? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and how would it effect the emergence of the specific li-ion battery ecosystem as a winner in the future?

Over two decades old, Effet Boomerang is an advertising agency based in Quebec, Canada. In recent years, it has found it harder to win client contracts, which has been partially due to changes in the industry. This has left its co-founder and president examining her options for repositioning the agency. This case provides an interesting opportunity to introduce students to internal and external analyses by having them examine how a small firm may leverage its strengths to effectively adapt to a changing industry.

During the first quarter of the 21st century, the TV industry underwent rapid vertical consolidation.For decades, the industry had been divided into three basic levels: production (i.e., the studios that identified on-screen talent and facilitated the making of content); distribution (i.e., the TV channels that carried the content); and platform (i.e., the cable TV or satellite providers who brought the content to viewers). In the 2010s, however, an increasing number of companies in that value chain had begun to play on multiple levels. Streaming services such as Netflix were producing their own high-quality content, and both traditional TV channels and production companies (e.g., NBC, Paramount, and Disney) were circumventing the conventional value chain and building platforms to sell their content directly to viewers. This case uses a small set of examples--including the streaming service Netflix, the sports channel ESPN, and the movie channel AMC--to explore the economics of this new verticalized TV industry. It asks students how companies can create value and maximize profitability in TV.

Captain Fresh, a tech-enabled business-to-business (B2B) seafood marketplace based out of Bengaluru, India, had been enjoying phenomenal success. Founder Utham Gowda set out to simplify the seafood supply chain in a fragmented, unstructured, and complex market. He was sure that going forward, technology would play a major role in building high-quality distribution infrastructure that would take fish from sea to plate. In January 2022, having achieved revenue growth of more than 700 per cent from September 2020 to September 2021, Gowda was faced with three equally compelling options for growth. In January 2022, he was faced with three equally compelling options for growth. The first was to set up Captain Fresh's own business-to-consumer brand; the second was to add mutton and chicken to his product offerings; and the third option was a bold proposal to go international by expanding to the United States. Another exciting strategy was expanding Fishgram, the unique proprietary marine supply-chain technology platform Gowda had built to help fishers connect directly to buyers across various geographies. There was an opportunity to monetize the platform by offering it to non-competing fishers as a software as a service. Which of three options should he choose while maintaining his original goal of easing problems in the country's fish and seafood supply chain? Should he offer Fishgram to fishers and other businesses?

The case examines how to account for risks associated with loan assets (or receivables) through financial reporting for loan losses (or bad debt expenses) in the context of the adoption of the new accounting standard, Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) model. CECL required banks to consider future economic conditions and to include forward-looking credit loss estimates in the setting of allowance for loan and lease losses (ALLL). This marked a departure from the previous standard, which is called the incurred loss model. Under that model, credit losses were recognized when it became "probable and estimable" that a credit loss had incurred based on historical data and current economic conditions. The case also explores what banks, regulators, and investors thought about the new method. Both bankers and regulators called CECL the biggest change ever to bank accounting. JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon called CECL accounting crazy. Financial Accounting Standards Board member Hal Schroeder indicated CECL would lead to a safer financial system and a more resilient economy. Investors and analysts were trying to figure out the new CECL method and what impact it would have on financial statements.

Global furniture giant Inter IKEA Systems B.V. (IKEA) announced its intent to become a circular and climate-positive business by 2030. In order to achieve these goals, the company had to find ways for consumers to cycle end-of-life products back to its facilities. IKEA was implementing this process-known as reverse logistics-via international sell-back and leasing programs. It was unclear, however, if the company's efforts would be enough to make its operations sustainable. Additionally, the question remained as to whether IKEA was truly focused on sustainability and responsibility or if it was simply attempting to maximize customer lifetime value.

The Employees Provident Fund (EPF) is Malaysia's national private-sector pension program. It has grown into one of the largest pension funds in the world. The success of the EPF and Malaysia as a whole have brought new challenges. As life expectancy increases and the population ages, how can the EPF ensure adequate pension coverage and take care of Malaysians' increasing retirement needs? As technology replaces the need for branches and customer-facing staff, how and where should the EPF channel its valuable human resources? How should the EPF optimally invest its ever-increasing funds? These are the questions the EPF's chief strategy officer has to answer as he charts a way forward in the 21st century.

Dr Amin Shokrollahi, a mathematician who loves research, becomes an entrepreneur by accident. He discovers a software solution to decelerate Moore's Law, and his friend, entrepreneur Steve Papa, pushes him to create a company and bring the solution to market. For five years they "wander in the woods" building the team, raising money, developing the technology, fruitlessly talking with potential customers and working with some of the world's most important technology companies... but without commercial success.

This case introduces the challenges and decision criteria for businesses seeking to sponsor student athletes in the advent of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA's) landmark decision to authorize collegiate student athletes to monetize their name, image, and likeness (NIL), just as professional athletes and other celebrities have always done. The case follows Jonathan Cotten, president of Easy Step Enterprises (Easy Step), a franchisee for the Good Feet Store based in Richmond, Virginia, as he explores the possibility of using college athletes from the University of Virginia (UVA) as social media influencers to stimulate demand for the Good Feet Store locations his company operates. The primary focus of this case is not on franchisee-franchisor relations, but rather on the strategic decision processes a business must consider when exploring the emerging opportunity to engage college student athletes as social media influencers. Because of their youth and relative inexperience, college student athletes pose different challenges and issues compared to the longer-established engagement of professional athletes and celebrities in similar roles. This case highlights these differences and encourages careful integration of criteria for executing these decisions.

Having developed a blockchain product to track the end-to-end movement of goods being transported along the pharmaceutical supply chain, Zuellig Pharma also has tested it in real life situation involving distribution during the critical Covid-19 phase. The company's Vice President and Head of Digital and Data Solutions is now seeking ways to scale up product for multiple markets, multiple users, and multiple applications even while blockchain, as a bourgeoning technology, is itself facing scaling limitations.

Gram Oorja's mission was to make energy available to people in remote areas in India where the government power supply grid had not reached. They installed solar microgrids and biogas plants in locations where these technologies were found to be viable. The microgrid projects were funded primarily through corporate social responsibility spending by interested corporates approached by Gram Oorja. The community of households receiving electricity was made responsible and accountable for maintaining the grid and replacing batteries by charging users on consumption measured with meters. The case discusses the inception of Gram Oorja and the evolution of their unique community-based business model. It describes the process of project implementation and the post-implementation activities. The case also presents the perspective of the consumers and highlights the potential for long term development of remote rural locations through energy access. New domains of energy access including irrigation and biogas, along with future plans are also discussed. The financial performance of Gram Oorja over the years gives an indication of its journey of learning and growth. Lastly, the case highlights the challenges being faced by the organization in an evolving environment. It challenges students to find new pathways for Gram Oorja to grow towards its mission.

The case discusses the dilemma faced by Archit Shah, a practicing Chartered Accountant (CA) and portfolio manager based in Ahmedabad, India, for investment in foreign stocks to diversify the existing portfolio of his clients. The decision to invest was pertinent and urgent as few of his clients were reducing their funds due to stagnant growth of existing securities in the portfolio. He had heard about the benefits of investing in foreign markets from experts in different financial conferences as well as from his fellow friends in the field. To start safe, he decided to invest in FANMAG stock and do a detailed financial analysis. It was his first endeavour in a foreign stock, and he did not want to risk his clients' money. He did not restrict his analysis to P/L and balance sheet ratios and decided to first analyse the past free cash flows (FCFs) to understand the actual performance of the companies. While past performance cannot be the decision factor, he also decided to refer valuation as per discounted cash flow (DCF) model to put an end to his confusion. Portfolio or fund managers use FCF as one of the most important indicators for valuation as per DCF model to evaluate the true performance of a company. Market ratios like P/E ratio help to track the earnings and investor's perception while FCFs help to understand the actual cash available for shareholders. So, to get a true picture of FANMAG stock's performance, Shah decided to analyse it through various parameters like quality of earnings ratio, FCFs, and valuation ratios for a period of 5 years from 2016 to 2020. Additionally, the intrinsic value as per DCF model (valuation approach) was referred to finalize the investment decision. Thus, the case deals with the challenges faced by CA Shah for investment decisions by assessing the earnings quality and the cash flow-based valuation ratios.

Public service union Local 892 was the union representing faculty at North City College (NCC) in Kingston, a mid-sized city in Canada's Ontario province. NCC had approached Local 892 to request a local agreement exempting the college from following the collective agreement's clause forcing it to hire someone permanently if they were on contract for over twelve months. The union had to decide whether to allow NCC to hire librarian Sharrod Alasa for an additional twelve-month contract or force the college to decide to either end Alasa's contract or hire him to a permanent position.

In late 2020, Lynn Wilson, a social entrepreneur and chief executive officer of SparqU, Inc., gave himself one year to turn his company around. SparqU, which offered digital literacy training to underserved and underrepresented communities, had been funded by a workforce grant. But when the grant expired, Wilson left his academic teaching position to focus full-time on SparqU and fulfill his passion for helping Colorado's people of colour, low income, and underserved to become digitally literate and improve their job opportunities. Wilson was all in. But he wondered, would his current promotional strategy targeted towards those needing to build digital literacy skills eventually be profitable ? Or should he consider other segments?

In 2020, Banco del Barrio (BB) celebrated its12th anniversary since its establishment as a non-bank correspondent. BB had successfully reduced the traditional barriers to accessing financial services for its users at the base of the pyramid. However, the financial services offered had a low utilization rate, so BB was not making significant progress in promoting financial inclusion. In the midst of this scenario, the Vice President of Personal Banking responsible for managing BB's operations, had to develop the 2020 plan. The dilemma involves evaluating the options of expanding services in women's banking or transitioning towards a platform of services for micro-businesses.

'Betting on Green Steel' traces the innovative journey embarked upon by a group of MBA students who have set out to conceive a novel steelmaker that pioneers the production of green steel. The ensemble is confronted with a series of critical choices that will shape the venture: Should the operation base be in India or Oman? What would be the best method for green steel production - carbon capture and storage, or green hydrogen? Who should they aim to cater to with their green steel - the automotive sector or the wind turbine manufacturing industry? And lastly, which business model would drive sustainable profit - green premium pricing or carbon credits? One of the team members is set to return to his family's steelmaking enterprise post-graduation, escalating the stakes to a personal level. This dynamic case study offers a thorough exploration of these key decision-making factors in the context of environmental sustainability and business strategy, providing fertile ground for engaging classroom discussions.

Verve Therapeutics, a public biotech company based in Boston, created a novel approach to addressing cardiovascular disease (CVD) - a leading cause of deaths globally. The company's approach was a single shot treatment to permanently lower cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of heart attacks. Built on decades of post-doctoral and lab research led by CEO Sekar (Sek) Kathiresan, a trained cardiologist and academic, Verve used gene editing - akin to a molecular surgical procedure-for a curative intent. Not only had the medicine reached human trials in record time, but Verve incorporated new innovations that could allow the technology to be used more widely. The company successfully built a solid syndicate of investors and raised a total of $860 million. Unlike other gene editing or gene therapy companies that focused on rare diseases affecting small populations, Verve's approach was the first example of a gene editing treatment that could potentially benefit millions of people. Verve's lead investor was interested in creating Verve 2.0 and apply the company's expertise to cure a range of rare metabolic diseases. Should Sek continue to build out the core product aimed at treating heart disease, or should he apply the technology to other adjacent diseases? Would this be a potential distraction from Verve's core mission?

On December 6, 2022, in Phoenix, Arizona, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) Executive Chairman Mark Liu outlined the company's ambitious plans to invest $40 billion to build semiconductor manufacturing plants in Phoenix. The event also celebrated the passing of The Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors and Science Act of 2022 (CHIPS and Science Act), which aimed to inject $280 billion in financial subsidies and incentives to boost domestic manufacturing of advanced semiconductors in the US and increase production capacity. As Mark Liu stared out at the desert and the soon-to-be TSMC plant, he wondered if the decision to move to the US was driven by geopolitics or business opportunity. Could the US create a credible and robust domestic manufacturing ecosystem? Time would tell whether the CHIPS Act would yield long-term results or if it was too late for the US to regain its dominance in the semiconductor industry.

In July 2022, Horst Kayser, Chairman of Siemens AG Portfolio Companies (POC), was reflecting on the advice he could offer Roland Busch, Chief Executive Officer of the parent company Siemens AG, about whether and how to operate a private equity-like approach inside the large German industrial company. The POC had been established in 2019 to maximize the value of operating units that had struggled to perform as part of the core industrial divisions at Siemens AG. Given freedom to replicate some of the processes and policies of private equity and avoid some corporate constraints, by 2022, €3.6 billion in value had been created by improving the performance of these operating units and preparing them for sale or retention inside the parent. Kayser wondered whether he should recommend moving additional businesses into the POC to repeat the process, and, if not, what lessons could be applied to the core operating businesses in order to replicate some of the benefits of the POC approach. More generally, was it possible to operate like a private equity organization inside a large, well-established industrial company?