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In 2003, the Norwegian Parliament amended the Public Limited Companies Act in order to achieve greater representation of women on corporate boards. According to the amendment, all state-owned companies and public limited companies were required to have at least 40% women on their boards. This case uses first-hand accounts from Norwegian directors to document the Norwegian business community's reaction to the quota, how Norwegian boards sought women directors, and the transferability of the quota law to other nations.

Throughout its first two decades, City Year, a non-profit organization, was dedicated to recruiting young adults to give a year of public service. It had passed through several growth phases but by 2010 a new challenge, and opportunity, had arisen when City Year and its partners in a school turnaround collaboration - Diplomas Now - won a prestigious Department of Education Investing in Innovation grant. This accelerated City Year's role in turning around low performing schools, but added pressure on the organization. New systems and practices had been developed, but more needed to be done to ensure that City Year became efficient in deploying its limited resources, in maintaining its funding sources, and employing the right interventions in schools. In November 2011, Jim Balfanz, City Year President, and Michael Brown, CEO and co-founder, wondered what else the changes would mean for City Year.

Founded in 1994 when the Internet was still a "toy for techies," the case is set in 1998 when Internet IPOs were red-hot. Internet Securities provides hard-to-find financial, business, economic, and political information on emerging markets. Information from over 600 information suppliers in more than 25 emerging markets (e.g., China, Russia, Poland, Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Turkey) is provided to over 650 institutional clients, including J.P. Morgan, Deutsche Morgan Grenfell, KPMG, and ING Barings. After ruling out seeking another round of VC financing, the cash-strapped founder of this Internet information service provider must decide whether to IPO or accept an offer to be acquired by Euromoney, a global publishing and information content provider that is eager to launch an Internet information service. The case contains a term sheet that can be reviewed to support analysis and decision making.

The case study provides an overview of the angel investment practices and describes government policies towards angel and venture capital investing in British Columbia, Canada. It focuses in particular on the Equity Capital Program (BCECP henceforth), which provides tax credits to private equity investors that meet several eligibility criteria. The case study is written from the point of view of a policy maker, with a perspective on the entire ecosystem. It provides an overview of the existing structure of the tax credit program, its history, and the lessons learned to date. It discusses the current challenges faced by policy makers wanting to further improve the program.

A renowned manufacturer and designer of niche vehicles for major automobile companies has traditionally competed on flexibility using a highly skilled design and manufacturing workforce and low levels of automation. However, the European auto market is threatened with a shakeout. The director of operations must decide whether to accept an offer from Mitsubishi to become the exclusive European manufacturer of a sport utility vehicle. The order would more than double the company's manufacturing volume and relieve pressure to replace models currently in production. However, the fit of the order with existing manufacturing strategy is poor, and major changes in facilities and equipment as well as people and systems would be required. The case is suitable for use in an operations class to introduce or apply basic concepts in operations strategy or to discuss operations capability and strategy with executives.

Ren Levy took over Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts when it was a group of warring constituents and has successfully brought a diverse group of arts organizations together.

In April 2009, Wendy Jefferson had just returned to her office following a whirlwind day of meetings with her newest client, Star Advisor. Jefferson, a financial services consultant, was eager to dig into the information provided to her and her team about the Star mutual funds and the income the funds earned from securities lending. Securities lending involved temporarily transferring securities from mutual funds managed by Star Advisor to short sellers and other investors. Income from these loans had been a small but secure component of Star mutual fund returns for decades.

In the (A) case, Jason Phillips, Chief Financial Officer of a soup manufacturing business, is given the task of maximizing the value of the firm twelve months after the case is set. Although he does not want to break any legal rules, Jason is interested to see whether accounting and real action choices can be used to enhance the company's financial position and increase its perceived value to investors. The case permits him to select from a menu of options, including decisions on product pricing, inventory levels, accounts receivables, leasing or purchasing a new machine and valuation or sale of securities. These choices are fed into an Excel spreadsheet which adjusts financial projections and accounting disclosures accordingly. In the (B) case, Ben Kerr, Chief Investment Officer at one of Dragon's main competitors, considers the financial statements produced by Dragon to unravel any earnings management behavior and establish a true value for the company. Although the case can be focused on the accounting consequences of real decisions, a richer discussion is obtained when considering the ethical angles of the decision process. In particular, how much 'earnings management' should be pursued and what types of behaviors are simply going to be unraveled by investors?

This case examines in detail the causes and role played by structured finance in the past four global financial crises, particularly the 2007-2010 crises. It also describes and analyzes how securitization and structured products work and the value they add to finance, and how structured products are constructed, their value and how they are used in finance. Finally, the case explores the impact of the proposed changes to banking regulations in Basel II and III to reduce the risk associated with securitization and its use.

Dabur India, Ltd. had come a long way since 1884. It began as an Indian traditional Ayurveda health products firm and, by 2010, had grown into one of the top four fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in India. The company had established leadership in hair care and personal care products across the Indian subcontinent and Middle East. Numerous multinational FMCG companies were aggressively increasing their market share in India through acquisitions. Sunil Duggal, Dabur's CEO, was conscious of Dabur's limitations in matching the deep pockets and global talent of these foreign firms. Duggal decided to look to international markets for inorganic growth which could hedge against the likely loss of market share in India. Dabur acquired an American company, Namaste Lab, which sold a natural hair-curl relaxant to American women of African descent. Dabur planned to reengineer this product formulation to make it affordable for Sub-Saharan Africans and leverage its existing supply chain in Africa to market these products. The case highlights the challenges for Dabur India as it tried to achieve this complex integration and the uncertainties the company faced as it expanded its global footprint.

In June 2007, the offices of Russian hedge fund Hermitage Capital were raided by Moscow police; in the months that followed, Hermitage founder Bill Browder found himself banned from Russia and fending off efforts to expropriate the fund's Russian assets. This case describes the challenges faced by Hermitage in responding to these threats, and more broadly discusses the perils of doing business in a business environment with weak legal and political institutions

The BlackRock Solutions case examines the different functions and economics of a global asset manager's value chain, with particular emphasis on the "money management" and the "investment systems platform" businesses. Students analyze why BlackRock decided to unbundle its Aladdin investment platform and if the firm should consider expanding the platform in the future. Students also explore the resulting "dual-mission" challenges of servicing both internal and external Aladdin clients during a period of rapid growth within BlackRock and significant change in the global financial landscape.

This case examines Grassroots Capital's decision of whether or not to continue investing in a Bolivian microfinance bank that is suffering financial distress.

Kay Sunderland is an account director at Attain Learning Inc., a business training solutions company. In January 2011, one of Attain's most important clients, Juan Nunez of Gramen Equipment Company, contacts Sunderland with a request: Nunez would like Attain content development director Mike Morgan to stop contacting him directly. Sunderland is surprised that Morgan, an experienced and talented contributor, is potentially jeopardizing the account by ignoring Attain's communications policy of restricting client-facing communication to the account director. Now Sunderland must decide how to handle the situation with both the client and her colleague Morgan.

Beginning in the 1990s, Wal-Mart sought to maintain its rapid growth by investing outside of the United States. Wal-Mart chose to enter other countries through the purchase of existing retail chains. This process created a new set of challenges, since the existing chains had their own corporate cultures and operating procedures. Wal-Mart experienced several surprising defeats. In 2000, Wal-Mart launched a chain of what it called "Neighborhood Markets," limited to the sale of groceries. Meanwhile, its Latin American acquisitions included stores of only 4,000 square feet. In 2010, Wal-Mart announced a strategy to create a major chain of mini-Supercentres, each of some 40,000 to 60,000 square feet, to be located within cities. Some of the new smaller stores would be focused on local ethnic groups. Hispanic neighborhoods were an obvious target for this paradigm. In addition to the need to change its inventory levels, and to rely on parking buildings rather than large parking lots, Wal-Mart encountered strong opposition from labour unions. Meanwhile, Wal-Mart was using its new small-format stores in China. Wal-Mart was also experimenting with on-line grocery sales with home delivery. Wal-Mart was continuing to cut costs by consolidating its global purchases, shifting to more global supply chains with the elimination of many wholesalers. At the same time, Wal-Mart was taking a dramatic position in compelling its suppliers to adopt "green" practices, conducting audits of its suppliers and refusing to purchase from those who failed to measure up to new environmental standards.

In the midst of massive growth in the oil sands, Suncor's chief executive officer (CEO) is growing concerned about the local government's inability to cope with unprecedented growth of oils sands development in Fort McMurray, Alberta. Crime, prostitution, drug use, social inequality and ecological deterioration have begun to cripple Fort McMurray and the surrounding area largely because the local government has been unable to support the massive growth with appropriate public services and environmental protection. As part of a major oil and gas company in the region, the CEO is aware of the harsh lessons learned by Shell in Nigeria in 1995, where the company's reluctance to get involved in political activities led to a massive boycott and tarnished reputation. The CEO is concerned that inaction may hold Suncor complicit in the social and ecological issues in the region. The case illustrates the need for companies to take on political responsibilities, in this case through the active engagement of addressing public service gaps. Written for courses in business and society, stakeholder engagement, public administration, public-private partnerships, strategic management, and negotiations, the case chronicles the motivations of companies such as Suncor to address public service gaps to avoid negative impacts on the firm. Students engage in a role-play representing six different stakeholders, the objective of which is to begin a process of engagement to collectively address the social and ecological issues plaguing the region. The case helps students recognize the growing prevalence of private sector involvement in political affairs and the difference between stakeholder management of and stakeholder engagement with seemingly adversarial stakeholders, the latter of which is critical to collaboratively respond to the complexity of sustainable development.

A junior investment analyst at Maple Toronto Fund (the Fund), a deep-value shop whose main strategy was to invest in deeply-undervalued businesses, was screening hundreds of small cap stocks and stumbled upon HQ Sustainable Maritime Industries Inc. (HQS), an aquaculture and aquatic product processing company that operated in two product segments in China. A quick look at HQS's financials suggested to the junior investment analyst that he had found the holy-grail of value investing: a net-net stock. The junior investment analyst knew he had to present an in-depth due diligence to estimate a stock's intrinsic value and determine whether the stock was truly undervalued. He wondered how to tackle the valuation; in addition to developing a deep understanding of the industry and the company's business model and numbers, he considered the value-investing-based valuation approach. The junior investment analyst knew that demonstration of thorough analysis and accurate valuation of HQS might convince senior management of the Fund to acquire a substantial stake in HQS; if this investment was profitable, it could boost his career and prospects of advancement within the Fund. The junior investment analyst had one week to put his presentation together.

The sales representatives at Designs by Kate (DBK) sell private label jewelry at hosted parties and through online social media channels. They are also responsible for recruiting, training, and managing new sales reps. CEO and founder Kate Creevey designed the commission plan to encourage sales reps to build teams and become "leaders" for their teams. The strategy has been very successful over the company's first five years. Now the CEO is concerned that growth in top-line revenue is slowing, possibly due to an unwillingness by current sales representatives to build and manage their own sales teams. A survey reveals that many sales reps believe their incomes from jewelry sales decline when they add members to their sales teams due to increased competition for hosting parties within the same geographic area. The CEO must revisit the commission structure to determine if it is still an effective incentive. The case includes a quantitative assignment that students should complete as part of case analysis.

This case examines the management of home and host country risk by Beiersdorf during the interwar years. It can be used both in business history courses and more generally to teach political risk management by multinational corporations. Beiersdorf, a German personal products company, expanded globally before 1914, but had its foreign factories and intellectual property expropriated during World War 1. After 1919 ceo Willy Jacobson rebuilt the international business, and sought to protect it by "cloaking" the ultimate ownership. Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler, as German Chancellor in 1933, Beiersdorf and Jacobson personally also came under attack by the anti-Semitic Nazi regime in its home country. The case can be used as a vehicle to understand the rise of both host and home country risk by companies during the interwar years, and more generally to explore the strategies which firms can follow to attempt to manage such risks.

Discussion of new model of Social Enterprise that applies the venture capital model to social enterprise.